Table 1 Outcome variables and predictors used in the study
Question | Scale | Mean (SD) | Cronbach’s α | Reference | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Outcome variables | |||||
Job satisfaction | Generally speaking, I am very satisfied with my job | 1 ‘fully disagree’ - 5 ‘fully agree’ | 3.69 (1.05) | [43] | |
Stress | Do you currently feel stressed? Stress means a situation when a person feels tense, restless, nervous, or anxious, or is unable to sleep at night because his or her mind is troubled all the time. | 1 ‘not at all’ - 5 ‘very much’ | 2.70 (1.10) | [44] | |
Psychological distress | Have you recently lost a lot of sleep over worry?; Have you recently been feeling unhappy and depressed?; Have you recently felt constantly under strain?; Have you recently felt you couldn’t overcome your difficulties? | 1 ‘not at all’ - 4 ‘much more than usually’ | 2.14 (.74) | .83 | [45] |
Quality of care | How would you assess your co-workers’ … | ||||
1) professional competence, 2) way of treating clients, 3) friendliness, 4) ability to answer clients’ requests for assistance, 5) ability to consider clients’ self-determination, 6) knowledge of issues related to the client and 7) ability to consider the client’s next of kin. | 1 ‘bad’ - 5 ‘excellent’ | 3.99 (.49) | .87 | [46] | |
Predictors | |||||
Work stressors | |||||
How often, during the past 6 months, have you felt disturbed, worried or strained due to … | |||||
Working alone | Lack of consultation possibilities and collegial help? | 1 ‘never’ - 5 ‘very often’ | 3.02 (1.08) | [47] | |
Interruptions | Constant interruptions and that work cannot be performed uninterrupted? | 1 ‘never’ - 5 ‘very often’ | 3.02 (1.14) | [47] | |
Time pressure | I do not have enough time for patients; I do not have enough time to perform work properly; I only have time for the necessary tasks | 1 ‘never’ - 5 ‘very often’ | 3.56 (.95) | .89 | [48] |
Organizational justice | |||||
Relational justice | My supervisor treats his/her employees with kindness and consideration; My supervisor treats his/her employees respectfully; My supervisor considers his/her employees’ needs and listens to them. | 1 ‘fully disagree’ - 5 ‘fully agree’ | 4.19 (.92) | .93 | [49] |
Job control | |||||
Skill discretion | My work requires that I learn new skills | 1 ‘fully disagree’ - 5 ‘fully agree’ | 4.36 (.75) | ||
Autonomy | At my work, I can make a lot of independent decisions | 1 ‘fully disagree’ - 5 ‘fully agree’ | 3.75 (.83) | ||
Social support | When needed, I receive support from my 1. co-workers, 2. supervisors. | 1 ‘never’ - 5 ‘always’ | 3.81 (.83) | .63 | |
Teamwork | |||||
Participative safety | We have a “we are in it together” attitude; We keep each other informed about work related issues; We feel understood and accepted by each other; There are real attempts to share information throughout the practice | 1 ‘fully disagree’ - 5 ‘fully agree’ | 3.68 (.73) | .83 | [50] |
Shared goals | Are you in agreement with the objectives set at you unit?; To what extent do you think your team’s objectives are clearly understood by other members of the team?; To what extent do you think your team’s objectives can actually be achieved?; How worthwhile do you think these objectives are to your team? | 1 ‘very little’ - 5 ‘very much’ | 3.71 (.57) | .77 | [50] |
Idea implementation | New initiatives and ideas are taken up and assessed; At our work community, we can independently decide upon the implementation of a new development idea; At my work community, new thoughts and ideas are taken into action efficiently; Initiatives and ideas often lead to new practices, services and products in our organization | 1 ‘fully disagree’ - 5 ‘fully agree’ | 2.91 (.78) | .81 | [50] |
Support for innovation | Search for new ways of looking at problems; Time taken to develop ideas; Cooperation in developing and applying ideas | 1 ‘fully disagree’ - 5 ‘fully agree’ | 3.13 (.72) | .75 | [51] |