Table 2 Measures and Sources
From: Strategic management in local hospital markets: service duplication or service differentiation
VARIABLE | MEASURE | SOURCE |
|---|---|---|
Hospital performance | ||
 Market share per bed | Log of percentage of hospital inpatient days divided by total market inpatient days adjusted for hospital bed size | AHA Annual Survey |
 Cost per discharge | Total hospital inpatient costs divided by total hospital discharges adjusted for case mix index | Center for Medicare and Medicaid Services |
 Return on assets | Profit divided by total assets | Center for Medicare and Medicaid Services |
Duplicated services | Number of high-tech services that both a focal hospital and its competitor provide | AHA Annual Survey |
Differentiated services | Number of high-tech services that a focal hospital provides but its competitor does not | AHA Annual Survey |
Market structure | ||
 Geographic distance | Log of distance in miles between local hospital and each of its competitors in a local market | AHA Annual Survey, arcGIS |
 Size asymmetry | Log of ratio of local hospital bed size over each of its competitors in a local market | AHA Annual Survey |
 Market competition | 1 – HHI within county | AHA Annual Survey |
 Population density | Log of population of county in thousands divided by areas in miles | Area Resource File |
 Community munificence | Log of per capita income in thousand within county | Area Resource File |
 Specialists per 1000 population | Log of number of specialist physicians per 1000 population | Area Resource File |
 Managed care penetration | Percentage managed care members over population in state | Bates White Economic Consulting |
Control variables | ||
 Multihospital membership | 0: No, 1: Yes | AHA Annual Survey |
 Ownership for non-profit | 0: No, 1: Yes | AHA Annual Survey |
 Bed size | Log of staffed beds | AHA Annual Survey |
 Case mix index | Medicare case mix index | Center for Medicare and Medicaid Services |