Table 8 Tobit Regression Results for the Effect of Poor People Health Insurance Program on Inpatient Out-of-Pocket Health Expenditures
Out-of-Pocket Health Expenditures | Coefficient | 95% CI | P value |
|---|---|---|---|
Public Health Insurance for the Poor | |||
 Not enrolled (Reference) | |||
  Enrolled | −950.36 | − 2501.5 – 600.8 | 0.230 |
Duration of Stay in Hospital | 521.40 | 435.3–607.5 | 0.000 |
Social Group | |||
 Other Backward Classes (Reference) | |||
  Scheduled Tribes | − 1073.94 | − 2818.9 – 671.0 | 0.228 |
  Scheduled Castes | −664.54 | − 2328.9 – 999.8 | 0.434 |
   Others | − 273.32 | − 2251.1 – 1704.4 | 0.786 |
Education | |||
 Illiterate (Reference) | |||
   Primary/middle school educated | 1104.02 | −232.8 - 2440.8 | 0.105 |
  Secondary school educated | 285.39 | − 2359.5 - 2930.3 | 0.832 |
  Higher secondary school educated | − 1972.92 | − 5096.8 - 1151.0 | 0.216 |
  Diploma/graduate/post graduate educated | 7634.86 | 2798.5–12,471.3 | 0.002 |
Household Type | |||
 Self-employed (Reference) | |||
  Regular wage/Salary earning | 1034.10 | −903.7 - 2971.9 | 0.295 |
  Casual labor | − 1275.76 | − 2654.2 - 102.6 | 0.070 0.934 |
  Others | 140.24 | − 3201.5 – 3482.0 | |
Age Groups | |||
 0–18 years (Reference) | |||
  19 to 40 years | 1857.13 | −68.3 - 3782.6 | 0.059 |
  41 to 60 years | 2231.96 | 234.3–4229.6 | 0.029 |
  61 to 80 years | 87.75 | − 2479.5 - 2655.0 | 0.947 |
  Older than 80 years | − 1018.33 | − 7587.8 - 5551.1 | 0.761 |
Household Size | |||
  Small household (Reference) | |||
  Medium household (5 to 8 members) | 352.09 | − 1064.2 - 1768.3 | 0.626 |
  Large household (9 & more members) | 2008.08 | −79.56 - 4095.7 | 0.059 |
Number of Hospital Beds in States | |||
 Less than 10,000 beds (Reference) | |||
  10,000 to 20,000 beds | 5850.75 | − 7936.7 - 19,638.2 | 0.405 |
  Greater than 20,000 beds | 7440.12 | − 5846.1 - 20,726.3 | 0.272 |
Nature of Treatment | |||
 Allopathic treatment (Reference) | |||
  AYUSH | − 9020.48 | −16,224.0 - -1817.0 | 0.014 |
Level of Care Inpatient | |||
 Sub-center/PHC/CHC (Reference) | |||
  Public Hospital | 949.24 | − 958.0 - 2856.5 | 0.329 |
   Private Hospital | 3772.82 | 1004.0–6541.6 | 0.008 |
Type of Ward | |||
 Free (Reference) | |||
  Paying General | 9095.49 | 6978.9–11,212.1 | 0.000 |
   Paying Special | 13,642.31 | 9856.4–17,428.3 | 0.000 |
Sector | |||
 Rural (Reference) | |||
  Urban | − 309.89 | − 1754.5 - 1134.7 | 0.674 |
Nature of Ailment/ diseases | |||
 Infections (Reference) | |||
  Cancers, blood, endocrine, metabolic, eye, ear | 3012.40 | 538.7–5486.1 | 0.017 |
  Cardiovascular, respiratory diseases | 3741.79 | 1137.1–6346.5 | 0.005 |
  Gastrointestinal disease | − 1184.58 | − 3790.0 -1420.8 | 0.373 |
  Skin, musculoskeletal, psychiatric, neurological | 2798.06 | 381.2–5214.9 | 0.023 |
  Genitourinary, obstetric & childbirth | 21.09 | − 1858.7 - 1900.9 | 0.982 |
  Injuries | 4338.32 | 1727.1–6949.5 | 0.001 |
Constant | − 5660.85 | −18,905.2 - 7583.5 | 0.402 |