N = 214,601 | model 1 (all patients, N = 214,601) | model 2 (surgery only, N = 159,173) | model 3 (non-surgery only, N = 55,428) | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
coef. | 95% C.I. | P value | coef. | 95% C.I. | P value | coef. | 95% C.I. | P value | ||||
Compositional factor | ||||||||||||
Sex | ||||||||||||
Male (reference) | ||||||||||||
Female | −0.23 | −0.44 | − 0.02 | 0.04 | − 0.60 | − 0.77 | − 0.44 | < 0.001 | 0.31 | − 0.34 | 0.96 | 0.35 |
Age Group | ||||||||||||
65–79 (ref.) | ||||||||||||
80–89 | 1.52 | 1.31 | 1.74 | < 0.001 | 1.16 | 1.00 | 1.33 | < 0.001 | 2.17 | 1.49 | 2.86 | < 0.001 |
Over 90 | 0.85 | 0.58 | 1.11 | < 0.001 | 0.92 | 0.72 | 1.13 | < 0.001 | 1.32 | 0.52 | 2.12 | < 0.001 |
Dementia Levela | ||||||||||||
No dementia (ref.) | ||||||||||||
Dementia level 1 | 0.67 | 0.44 | 0.89 | < 0.001 | 0.21 | 0.04 | 0.39 | 0.02 | 1.96 | 1.28 | 2.63 | < 0.001 |
Dementia level 2 | −1.70 | −1.96 | − 1.44 | < 0.001 | −1.50 | − 1.70 | − 1.30 | < 0.001 | −0.56 | − 1.34 | 0.22 | 0.16 |
Fx. Type | ||||||||||||
Femoral neck (ref.) | ||||||||||||
Trochanteric | 0.24 | 0.06 | 0.42 | 0.01 | −0.56 | −0.70 | − 0.42 | < 0.001 | 2.38 | 1.84 | 2.93 | < 0.001 |
Subtrochanteric | 3.57 | 2.82 | 4.32 | < 0.001 | 3.00 | 2.35 | 3.66 | < 0.001 | 5.68 | 3.84 | 7.53 | < 0.001 |
Charlson Index | ||||||||||||
0 (ref.) | ||||||||||||
1 | 1.03 | 0.82 | 1.24 | < 0.001 | 0.97 | 0.81 | 1.13 | < 0.001 | 1.39 | 0.73 | 2.06 | < 0.001 |
≥ 2 | 2.32 | 2.09 | 2.55 | < 0.001 | 2.46 | 2.28 | 2.64 | < 0.001 | 2.55 | 1.84 | 3.26 | < 0.001 |
Coma Levelb | ||||||||||||
Alert (ref.) | ||||||||||||
Level 1 | −0.94 | −1.23 | − 0.66 | < 0.001 | − 0.36 | − 0.57 | −0.14 | < 0.001 | − 1.43 | −2.31 | − 0.54 | < 0.001 |
Level 2 | − 0.42 | −1.71 | 0.88 | 0.53 | 0.22 | −0.82 | 1.25 | 0.68 | 0.21 | −3.45 | 3.86 | 0.91 |
Level 3 | −3.14 | −7.81 | 1.53 | 0.19 | 0.72 | −3.31 | 4.76 | 0.73 | −8.37 | −19.80 | 3.06 | 0.15 |
Ambulance Use | ||||||||||||
No ambulance use (ref.) | ||||||||||||
Ambulance use | 1.05 | 0.87 | 1.24 | < 0.001 | 1.94 | 1.80 | 2.08 | < 0.001 | −1.47 | −2.10 | −0.84 | < 0.001 |
Contextual factor | ||||||||||||
City levelc | ||||||||||||
Designated city (ref.) | ||||||||||||
Pop. ≥150,000 | −0.02 | −1.58 | 1.53 | 0.98 | −2.53 | −3.78 | −1.27 | < 0.001 | 0.95 | −1.00 | 2.90 | 0.34 |
Pop. 80,000≤, ≤150,000 | 0.25 | −1.68 | 2.19 | 0.80 | −1.96 | −3.53 | −0.39 | 0.02 | 0.68 | −1.72 | 3.08 | 0.58 |
Pop. ≤80,000 | 1.51 | −0.19 | 3.21 | 0.08 | −0.15 | −1.56 | 1.25 | 0.83 | 1.85 | −0.25 | 3.96 | 0.09 |
Hosp. functiond | ||||||||||||
Under 200 beds hosp.(ref.) | ||||||||||||
Over 200 beds hosp. | −7.87 | −9.26 | −6.47 | < 0.001 | −4.13 | −5.37 | −2.89 | < 0.001 | −8.42 | −10.14 | −6.70 | < 0.001 |
Regional support hosp. | −12.04 | − 13.98 | − 10.09 | < 0.001 | −9.02 | − 10.68 | − 7.35 | < 0.001 | − 12.61 | − 15.01 | − 10.22 | < 0.001 |
University & advanced hosp. | − 15.69 | −18.50 | − 12.87 | < 0.001 | − 10.41 | − 12.75 | −8.08 | < 0.001 | − 17.79 | − 21.77 | − 13.82 | < 0.001 |
Discharge to | ||||||||||||
Home (ref.) | ||||||||||||
Recovery ward (same hosp.) | −22.33 | −22.88 | − 21.78 | < 0.001 | −15.66 | −16.18 | − 15.13 | < 0.001 | −27.83 | − 29.06 | − 26.60 | < 0.001 |
Other hospital | −5.95 | −6.19 | −5.71 | < 0.001 | − 2.60 | − 2.79 | − 2.40 | < 0.001 | −15.82 | − 16.60 | − 15.04 | < 0.001 |
Long-term care facility | −5.95 | − 6.24 | − 5.66 | < 0.001 | − 5.05 | − 5.29 | − 4.81 | < 0.001 | − 4.79 | − 5.56 | − 4.01 | < 0.001 |
Death | 1.46 | 0.66 | 2.26 | < 0.001 | − 1.93 | −2.62 | −1.25 | < 0.001 | 8.47 | 6.48 | 10.46 | < 0.001 |
Unknown | −2.75 | −5.25 | −0.24 | 0.03 | −1.04 | −3.13 | 1.06 | 0.33 | −4.30 | −10.74 | 2.14 | 0.19 |
Macro-level variance (S.E.) | ||||||||||||
between hospitals | 116.1 | (5.30) | 75.3 | (3.70) | 136.8 | (7.27) |