Data use purpose | Type of disease/service studied | Range of data (unit) | Level of aggregation | Analytic methods | Other information sources included | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Time series analysis | ||||||
Epidemiology | Child health, malaria, tooth extraction | 15 (year) - 120 (month) | Ward, municipal, district | Time series correlograms; ordinary least-squares regressions adjusted for seasonality and lag; non-linear time series correlation and regressions | GPS coordinates, Climate Hazards Group Infrared Precipitation with Station Data, satellite data, meteorological department data, program data | |
Program evaluation | General, maternal and child health, maternal health, vaccine prevented childhood illnesses, malaria | 5 (year) - 168 (month) | Facility, district, region, nation | Ordinary least squares regression; negative binomial generalized linear model; random effects negative binomial regressions; switching regression methods weighted by propensity scores | Program data, program reports, data from Bureau of Statistics and Ministry of Health, Malaria Indicator Survey, Demographic Health Survey, Health Facility Survey, community survey, satellite data, sentinel site case-investigations/surveillance, abstraction from hospital registries | |
Impact evaluation (non-program) | General | 84 months (month) | Facility | Linear mixed-effect time-series analysis with a segmented regression parameterization | None | [82] |
Interrupted time series analysis | ||||||
Program evaluation | General, maternal and child health, maternal health, malaria | 53 (month) - 132 (month) | Facility, intervention vs. control groups, district | Generalized least square model with autoregressive structure; generalized least square model with controls, with autoregressive process and moving average process; segmented linear regression | Meteorology Department data, program data, facility survey | |
Impact evaluation (non-program) | Maternal and child health | 44 (month) | District | Segmented linear regression with district fixed effect and clustered standard error at district level | Demographic Health Survey | [68] |
Difference-in-difference analysis | ||||||
Program evaluation | General, child health, maternal health | 4 (year) - 48 (month) | Facility, district, province | Ordinary least squares regression with and without propensity score matching; Wilcoxon rank-sum test on median difference-in-differences between facilities; descriptive comparison of means | Verified data from Performance-Based Financing system | |
Pre-post comparison analysis | ||||||
Program evaluation | Child health, maternal health, maternal and child health, vaccine prevented childhood illnesses, malaria, HIV or related diseases | 2 (year) - 48 (month) | Facility, district | Chi-square test; Pearson correlation; Wilcoxon signed-rank test; paired sample t-test; linear regressions; Poisson regression; negative binomial regression; logistic regression | Bureau of Statistics data, program reports, Meteorological Department data, entomological sentinel surveys, Demographic and Health Survey, UN Interagency Group for Childhood Mortality Estimation(CME Info) database, abstraction from facility registers, community surveys, vital registry, provincial maternal death notification register | |
Impact evaluation (non-program) | Child health | 26 (month) | District | Pearson chi-square test | District hospital registers, Safe and dignified burials for all deaths database | [67] |
Other longitudinal analysis | ||||||
Epidemiology | Maternal health, malaria | 12 (year) - 16 (year) | District | Chi-square test; negative binomial regression | Review of hospital death records | |
Monitoring and assessment of service provision | HIV or related diseases | 3 (year) | District | Descriptive comparison over time | Surveys with health facility managers | [96] |
Program evaluation | Genera, child health, malaria, malaria and other parasitic diseases | 3 (year) - 24 (month) | Facility, district, nation | Poisson regression to explore association between intervention coverage and disease burden; Mann–Whitney U Test to compare prevalence in intervention and non-intervention area; linear regression model; student t-test | Sentinel surveillance data, program reports, national facility and community survey, Bureau of Statistics data, program data | |
Geostatistical analysis | ||||||
Epidemiology | Child health, malaria, malaria and HIV/AIDS, meningococcal meningitis | 1 (year) - 520 (week) | District | Cluster analysis; cross-correlations of different spatial scales between time series of cases; Bayesian hierarchical Poisson model and smoothed model estimates plotted on district maps | Malaria Indicator Survey, Demographic Health Survey, program data | |
Monitoring and assessment of service provision | Malaria, maternal health | 1 (year) - 57 (month) | Facility, district | Kriging (ordinary kriging, space-time ordinary kriging, local space-time ordinary kriging); Bayesian geostatistical negative binomial model | Service Delivery Indicator Survey | |
Program evaluation | Malaria | 36 (month) | District | Bayesian geostatistical models and Bayesian generalized linear models | Malaria Indicator Survey, malaria control program data, satellite data, Demographic Health Survey, ACTWatch household surveys | [110] |
Other cross-sectional analysis | ||||||
Epidemiology | Maternal health | Median of 24 months | Province | Linear regression model | None | [111] |
Monitoring and assessment of service provision | General, child health, maternal health, mental health | 1 (year) | Facility, district, municipality, state | Descriptive statistics, Tobit regression model, bivariate and multivariate linear regression models, | Nutrition Service Delivery Assessment, abstraction from Integrated Nutrition Register, structured questionnaire with district health officers, District-level household and facility surveys, National Register of Health Service Providers, data from Institute of Geography and Statistics | |
Program evaluation | HIV and related diseases | 1 (year) | District | Mixed-methods | Register reviews and a series of patient folder (health record) reviews | [51] |