Table 3 Risk of bias within and across RCTs
ID | Authors | Selection bias | Performance bias | Detection bias | Attrition bias | Reporting bias | Within study |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Li W, et al. [18] | Unclear | High | Unclear | High | High | High |
2 | Duan F, et al. [24] | High | Unclear | Unclear | Low | Low | Unclear |
3 | Deng YN, et al. [25] | Unclear | High | Unclear | Low | Low | High |
4 | Zhang C, et al. [30] | Unclear | Unclear | Unclear | Low | Low | Unclear |
5 | Wang YH, et al. [31] | Unclear | High | High | Unclear | High | High |
6 | Feng MM, et al. [32] | Low | High | Low | Low | High | High |
7 | Mao XR, et al. [33] | Low | Unclear | Unclear | Low | High | High |
8 | Zhang CG, et al. [35] | Unclear | High | Unclear | Low | Low | High |
9 | Xie Y, et al. [36] | Unclear | Unclear | Unclear | Low | Low | Unclear |
10 | Liu YC, et al. [37] | High | High | Unclear | High | Low | High |
11 | Yang SL, et al. [40] | Unclear | Unclear | Unclear | Low | Low | High |
12 | Tang LJ, et al. [41] | High | High | Unclear | Low | High | High |
13 | Zheng WJ, et al. [42] | Unclear | Unclear | Unclear | Low | Low | Unclear |
14 | Xie XF, et al. [43] | High | Unclear | Unclear | Low | Low | High |
15 | Ren HJ, et al. [44] | Unclear | Unclear | Unclear | Unclear | Low | Unclear |
16 | Liu XY, et al. [45] | Unclear | High | Unclear | Low | Low | High |
17 | Zhan JH, et al. [46] | Unclear | High | Unclear | Low | Low | High |
18 | Guan SH, et al. [47] | Unclear | High | Unclear | Low | Low | High |
19 | Li YL, et al. [48] | High | High | Unclear | Low | Low | High |
20 | Liu LD, et al. [49] | Unclear | High | Unclear | Low | Low | High |
21 | Zhao D, et al. [52] | Low | Unclear | Unclear | Low | High | High |
22 | Zhou LL, et al. [53] | Unclear | Unclear | Unclear | Unclear | High | High |
23 | You MY, et al. [54] | High | Unclear | Unclear | Low | Low | High |
24 | Ou YB, et al. [55] | Unclear | High | Low | Low | Low | High |
25 | Tao WY, et al. [56] | Unclear | Unclear | Unclear | Low | Low | Unclear |
26 | Deng XW, et al. [57] | High | Unclear | Unclear | Unclear | High | High |
27 | Xiao Y, et al. [58] | Unclear | High | Unclear | Low | Low | High |
28 | Liu X, et al. [59] | Unclear | Unclear | Unclear | Low | Low | High |
29 | Ji YQ, et al. [60] | Unclear | High | Unclear | Low | Low | High |
30 | Zhang RL, et al. [61] | High | High | Unclear | High | Low | High |
31 | Li W, et al. [62] | High | High | Unclear | Unclear | Low | High |
32 | Chen CF, et al. [63] | Unclear | Unclear | Unclear | Low | Low | Unclear |
33 | Zhang J, et al. [64] | Low | Unclear | Unclear | Low | Low | Low |
34 | Mou YD, et al. [65] | High | Unclear | Unclear | Low | Low | High |
35 | Ma HX, et al. [66] | High | Unclear | Unclear | Low | Low | High |
36 | Li DY, et al. [67] | High | Unclear | Unclear | Unclear | High | High |
37 | Lu HL, et al. [69] | Unclear | Unclear | High | Unclear | High | High |
38 | Liang YY, et al. [70] | Unclear | High | Unclear | Low | Low | High |
39 | Li J, et al. [71] | Unclear | Unclear | Unclear | Low | Low | Unclear |
40 | Li H, et al. [72] | Unclear | High | Unclear | Low | Low | High |
41 | Li J, et al. [73] | Unclear | High | Unclear | Low | Low | High |
42 | Zeng YY, et al. [77] | Unclear | High | Unclear | Low | Low | High |
43 | Yuan Y, et al. [78] | Unclear | Unclear | Unclear | Low | Low | Unclear |
44 | Wang JY, et al. [79] | Unclear | High | Unclear | Low | Low | High |
45 | Qiu X, et al. [80] | Unclear | Unclear | Unclear | Low | Low | High |
46 | Liao SH, et al. [81] | Low | Low | Unclear | Low | Low | Unclear |
47 | Wu YQ, et al. [82] | Unclear | High | Unclear | Low | Low | High |
48 | Yun FX, et al. [83] | Unclear | High | Unclear | Low | Low | High |
49 | Tao YL, et al. [85] | Unclear | High | Unclear | Low | Low | High |
50 | Meng FY, et al. [86] | Unclear | High | Unclear | Unclear | Low | High |
51 | Wang DZ, et al. [87] | Unclear | High | Unclear | Unclear | Low | High |
52 | Tian YQ, et al. [88] | Unclear | High | Unclear | Low | Low | High |
53 | Yang XM, et al. [89] | High | High | Unclear | Low | Low | High |
54 | LanLi R, et al. [90] | High | High | Unclear | Low | Low | High |
55 | Ba HB, et al. [91] | Unclear | High | Unclear | Low | Low | High |
56 | Wu H, et al. [92] | Unclear | High | Unclear | Low | Low | High |
57 | Nu QL, et al. [93] | Unclear | High | Unclear | Low | Low | High |
58 | Yang Z, et al. [94] | Unclear | Unclear | Unclear | Low | Low | Unclear |
59 | Hu ZJ, et al. [95] | High | Unclear | Unclear | Low | Low | High |
60 | Qiu YY, et al. [97] | Unclear | High | Unclear | Low | Low | High |
61 | Wu ML, et al. [98] | Unclear | High | Unclear | Low | Low | High |
62 | Yang SL, et al. [99] | Unclear | High | Unclear | Low | Low | Unclear |
63 | Cai YB, et al. [100] | Unclear | High | Unclear | Unclear | Low | High |
64 | Yang JY, et al. [101] | Unclear | High | Unclear | Unclear | Low | High |
65 | Fan XY, et al. [103] | Unclear | Unclear | Unclear | Low | Low | Unclear |
66 | Gao R, et al. [104] | High | High | Unclear | Low | Low | High |
67 | Tang F, et al. [105] | High | High | Unclear | Unclear | Low | High |
68 | Hong D, et al. [106] | Unclear | High | Unclear | Low | Low | High |
69 | Zhao Y, et al. [108] | Unclear | High | Unclear | Unclear | Low | High |
70 | Wang K, et al. [109] | Low | Unclear | Unclear | Low | Low | Low |
71 | Xia QH, et al. [110] | Unclear | Unclear | Unclear | Low | Low | Unclear |
72 | Zhuang J, et al. [111] | Low | Unclear | Unclear | Unclear | Low | Unclear |
73 | Liu XH, et al. [113] | High | Unclear | Unclear | Low | High | High |
74 | Lv B, et al. [114] | Unclear | Unclear | Unclear | Low | Low | Unclear |
75 | Gao ML, et al. [115] | Unclear | Unclear | Low | Low | Unclear | Unclear |
76 | Deng XQ, et al. [116] | Unclear | Unclear | High | Unclear | High | High |
77 | Wu X, et al. [117] | Unclear | Unclear | Unclear | Low | Low | Unclear |
Overall across studies | Unclear | Unclear | Unclear | Low | Low | High | |