Transnationalism and care of migrant families during pregnancy, postpartum and early-childhood: an integrative review

Merry, Lisa; Villadsen, Sarah Fredsted; Sicard, Veronik; Lewis-Hibbert, Naomie

doi:10.1186/s12913-020-05632-5

Table 3 Description of included literature

From: Transnationalism and care of migrant families during pregnancy, postpartum and early-childhood: an integrative review

#	1st Author year	Objective	Country Location	Care, program or intervention examined	Design/Methodology^a	Sample & Data collection methods	Migrant groups included in the research^b
1.	Akhavan 2012 [46]	To explore the experiences of doula support among foreign-born women in Sweden in the context of a “Community-Based Doula” intervention project	Sweden	Community-based doula	Qualitative descriptive	10 mothers	Tunisia, Somalia, Yemen, Iraq, Turkey, Morocco, Azerbaijan
						Interviews	Tunisia, Somalia, Yemen, Iraq, Turkey, Morocco, Azerbaijan
							LOT^*: 1 to 3.5 years
							Refugee, family sponsored
2.	Akhavan 2012 [47]	To describe and analyze midwives’ experiences of doula support for immigrant women in Sweden	Sweden	Community-based doula	Qualitative descriptive	10 midwives	N/A
2.	Akhavan 2012 [47]		Sweden	Community-based doula	Qualitative descriptive	Interviews	N/A
3.	AlJaberi 2018 [48]	To develop a comprehensive understanding of the pregnancy health and social needs of low-income Caribbean immigrants towards informing the development of a mHealth intervention	United States	Pregnancy mobile health intervention	Qualitative descriptive	12 mothers	Caribbean
3.	AlJaberi 2018 [48]		United States	Pregnancy mobile health intervention	Qualitative descriptive	Focus groups	Immigrant
4.	AlJaberi 2018 [49]	To understand the emotional, physical, information and social challenges affecting low-income women’s prenatal well-being practices towards developing a mHealth intervention for these women	United States	Pregnancy mobile health intervention	Qualitative descriptive	12 mothers	Caribbean
4.	AlJaberi 2018 [49]		United States	Pregnancy mobile health intervention	Qualitative descriptive	Focus groups	Immigrant
5.	Almeida 2014 [50]	To verify whether there are differences regarding women’s perceptions of quality and appropriateness of care received between immigrant and native women during pregnancy and postpartum	Portugal	Healthcare during pregnancy and postpartum	Qualitative descriptive	31 mothers	African countries (Portuguese-speaking), Brazil, Eastern European countries
						Interviews
							LOT: 2 to 20 years
							Immigrant, undocumented
6.	Almeida 2014 [51]	To provide qualitative information on the access, use and perceived quality of care during pregnancy and early motherhood, reported by a group of immigrants in a large urban area in northern Portugal; Portuguese women were also interviewed for comparison	Portugal	Care during pregnancy and early motherhood	Qualitative descriptive	31 mothers	African countries (Portuguese-speaking), Brazil, Eastern European countries
						Interviews
							LOT: 2 to 20 years
							Immigrant, undocumented
7.	Anderson 2014 [52]	To explore recent immigrant mothers’ experiences accessing and utilizing primary healthcare for their young children 1–5 years old	Canada	Primary healthcare for children 1 to 5 years old	Qualitative descriptive	32 mothers	Latin American, Sri Lankan Tamil
						Interviews	LOT: ≤ 5 years
						Interviews	Arrived as refugee claimant or was family-sponsored
8.	Ayers 2018 [53]	To explore maternal health care provider’s perspective of barriers in providing care to Marshallese women and providers perceived barriers of access to care among Marshallese women	United States	Maternal healthcare	Phenomenology	15 nurses, 2 obstetricians and 2 other healthcare providers (unspecified)	N/A
8.	Ayers 2018 [53]		United States	Maternal healthcare	Phenomenology	Focus groups and interviews	N/A
9.	Aubé 2019 [31]	To describe the challenges and protective factors that affect the well-being of migrant mothers and how La Maison Bleue, a community-based perinatal health and social centre, strengthens resilience among these families	Canada	A community-based perinatal health and social centre	Focused ethnography	24 mothers	Bangladesh, Saint-Lucia, Democratic Republic of Congo, Morocco, Mexico, Cameroon, Eritrea, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, India, Algeria
						Interviews and observations
							LOT: < 1 to 11 years
							Immigrant, refugee, asylum seeker, undocumented
10.	Balaam 2016 [54]	To explore the experience of voluntary and non-statutory sector workers supporting asylum-seeking and refugee women during pregnancy and early motherhood	United Kingdom	Voluntary and non-statutory support for childbearing refugee and asylum seeking women	Qualitative descriptive	19 volunteer and non-statutory (paid and unpaid) workers	N/A
10.	Balaam 2016 [54]		United Kingdom		Qualitative descriptive	Individual and focus group interviews	N/A
11.	Barkensjo 2018 [55]	To describe women’s experiences of clinical encounters throughout pregnancy and childbirth, when living as undocumented migrants in Sweden	Sweden	Maternity care	Qualitative descriptive	13 mothers	Macedonia, Romania, Bosnia, Albania, Somalia, Afghanistan, Serbia, Chechnya, Morocco, Kosovo
						Interviews
						Interviews	Undocumented, EU citizens without residency permits
12.	Barona-Vilar 2013 [56]	To explore the experiences and perceptions of parenthood and maternal health care among Latin American women living in Spain	Spain	Maternal health care	Qualitative descriptive	26 mothers and 24 midwives	Bolivia, Ecuador
						Focus groups	LOT: 1 to 9 years
						Focus groups	Immigrant, undocumented
13.	Beaudet 2016 [22]	To evaluate a support-group intervention developed collaboratively between a community organization and a local health clinic to address isolation and support recently-arrived immigrant mothers with children aged 0 to 2 years	Canada	Community support-group intervention for immigrant mothers	Qualitative descriptive	13 mothers, 2 administrators, 2 support group workers & 1 social worker (support group committee), Mothers and children participating in the support group, and Administrators & workers from the community organization	China, Colombia, Korea, Egypt, France, Honduras, India, Iran, Iraq, Japan, Lebanon, Libya, Poland, Singapore, Taiwan
							LOT: 8 women < 2 years, others longer
							Immigrant
						Interviews, discussion groups, observations of support group sessions and committee meetings, and a review of documents (support-group participation logbook, child assessments, support-group journal)	Immigrant
14.	Bircher 2009 [57]	To describe the challenges of migrant farm workers during pregnancy and to suggest ways that advanced practice nurses can provide cost effective, competent professional care to reduce or eliminate the obstacles to prenatal care for this population	United States	Prenatal care offered by a nurse practitioner	Discussion paper
15.	Boerleider 2014 [58]	To gain insight into how Dutch postnatal care providers - maternity care assistants -address issues encountered when providing care for non-western women	Netherlands	Postnatal care	Qualitative descriptive	15 maternity-care assistants	N/A
15.	Boerleider 2014 [58]		Netherlands	Postnatal care	Qualitative descriptive	Interviews	N/A
16.	Briscoe 2009 [59]	To explore the experience of maternity care by asylum seekers and one refugee	United Kingdom	Maternity care	Multiple case study	4 mothers	Afghanistan, Congo, Rwanda, Somalia
						Photographs, observations, and	LOT: < 1 year to just under 3 years
						interviews	Refugee, asylum seeker
17.	Busch 2018 [60]	To investigate challenges and possible solutions in a specialized early childhood education and care (ECEC) program for refugee children	Germany	A specialized ECEC for refugee children	Mixed-methods (qualitative descriptive followed by a survey based on the qualitative data)	28 early-childhood educators	N/A
						96 early-childhood educators (a second sample)
						Interviews and questionnaire
18.	Carolan 2010 [61]	To explore the experiences and concerns of an African-born sample of pregnant women receiving antenatal care in Melbourne	Australia	Antenatal care	Qualitative descriptive	18 mothers	Ethiopia, Sudan, Eritrea, Kenya, Somalia
						Interviews	LOT: < 1 year to 2 years
							Refugee, family-reunification visa, immigrant
							Dinka, Amharic, Christian
19.	Clark 2007 [62]	To identify Mexican American mother’s expectations from children’s health care services (during the first 19 months of their child’s life)	United States	Children’s health care	Focused ethnography	28 mothers	Mexico
19.	Clark 2007 [62]		United States	Children’s health care	Focused ethnography	Interviews	Immigrant, undocumented
20.	Coley 2012 [41]	To 1) describe the development of the Moms Matter support group; 2) illustrate the effects of incorporating cultural competence and social support in childbirth education; and 3) suggest implications for the future development of pregnancy support programs for diverse immigrant populations	United States	Support group to enhance prenatal and postnatal education for immigrant mothers	Qualitative descriptive	7 mothers	Nigeria, Ghana, Nepal, Mexico, India, Jordan
						Interviews	Nigeria, Ghana, Nepal, Mexico, India, Jordan
						Interviews	Immigrant
21.	Coutinho 2014 [63]	To identify the unmet expectations of Portuguese immigrant women, for the National Health System, during pregnancy, childbirth and postpartum	Portugal	Maternity care	Qualitative descriptive	82 mothers	Brazil, Ukraine, China, Moldova, Russia, France
						Interviews	Brazil, Ukraine, China, Moldova, Russia, France
						Interviews	Immigrant
22.	Doering 2015 [64]	To explore how some Japanese women experienced pregnancy, labor and birth care in New Zealand	New Zealand	Maternity care	Qualitative descriptive	13 mothers	Japan
						Interviews and a focus group	LOT: 2 to 19 years
						Interviews and a focus group	Immigrant
23.	Degni 2012 [65]	To explore physicians and nurses/midwives’ communication when providing reproductive and maternity health care to Somali women in Finland	Finland	Maternity care	Qualitative description	10 obstetricians, 7 nurses, and 8 midwives	N/A
23.	Degni 2012 [65]		Finland	Maternity care	Qualitative description	Individual and focus group interviews	N/A
24.	Degni 2014 [66]	To explore immigrant Somali women’s experiences of reproductive and maternity health care services and their perceptions of the service providers	Finland	Maternity care	Qualitative descriptive	70 mothers	Somalia
						Focus groups	LOT: ‘recently migrated’
						Focus groups	Refugee
25.	Dempsey 2016 [67]	To explore migrant Eastern European women’s experience of pregnancy in Ireland	Ireland	Maternity care	Grounded theory approach	12 mothers	Poland, Lithuania, Hungary, Czech Republic
						Interviews	LOT: 1 to 8 years
						Interviews	Economic immigrant
26.	DeStephano 2010 [68]	To determine the acceptability of a culturally tailored prenatal health education video series for Somali women and explore health providers’ perceptions regarding usefulness of the videos in facilitating improved client–provider communication	United States	Culturally tailored prenatal health education video series for Somali women	Quantitative descriptive with a qualitative component	22 mothers, 2 fathers and obstetricians who cared for the 22 women	Somalia
							Refugee
						Questionnaires	Refugee
27.	Gabai 2013 [69]	To explore the experiences of patients and maternity care-givers in a maternity context	France	Maternity care	Grounded theory	4 mothers, 10 obstetricians and midwives	Lebanon, Ivory Coast, Democratic Republic of Congo, Tunisia
						Interviews	LOT: 3 to 11 years
						Interviews	Immigrant
28.	Grewal 2008 [70]	To describe new immigrant Punjabi women’s perinatal experiences and the ways that traditional beliefs and practices are legitimized and incorporated into the Canadian health care context	Canada	Perinatal care	Qualitative descriptive	15 mothers, 5 public health nurses	India
						Interviews and a focus group	LOT: ≤ 5 years
							Immigrant
							Punjabi
29.	Higginbottom 2013 [71]	To map out the experiences of immigrant Sudanese women in maternity services	Canada	Maternity services	Focused ethnography	12 mothers	Sudan
						Focus group interviews	LOT: ≤ 5 years
						Focus group interviews	Refugee
30.	Hill 2012 [72]	To describe Somali immigrant women’s health care experiences and beliefs regarding pregnancy and birth	United States	Maternity care	Qualitative descriptive	18 mothers	Somalia
						Focus group interviews	LOT: 1.5 to 12 years
						Focus group interviews	Refugee
31.	Hurley 2014 [73]	To investigate the challenges and innovative practices in early childhood special education (ECSE) services for preschool aged children who are refugees	United States	Early childhood special education (ECSE) services	Qualitative descriptive	28 early-childhood educators Interviews	N/A
32.	Iliadi 2008 [74]	To examine whether refugee women resettled in Greece, receive antenatal care and to explore possible factors that may influence their attitude towards maternal care	Greece	Maternity care	Focused ethnography	26 mothers Interviews	Iraq, Iran, Sudan, Lebanon, Syria, Afghanistan, Armenia, Turkey, Albania, Serbia, Zaire Refugee
33.	Karl-Trummer 2006 [75]	To evaluate a prenatal training course developed for pregnant migrant/ethnic women	Italy	Prenatal training course for migrant women	Mixed-methods (qualitative descriptive in conjunction with a survey)	41 mothers and 32 healthcare providers	Turkey, India, Pakistan
			Austria			41 mothers and 32 healthcare providers	Immigrant
			Austria			Interviews and questionnaire	Immigrant
34.	Lebiger-Vogel 2019 [76]	To present and discuss the FIRST STEPS project in Belgium and the FIRST STEPS project in Frankfurt and Berlin (FIRST STEPS is a prevention/support intervention offered to immigrant women in early childhood and which aims to optimize the early developmental environment of children)	Belgium	Early-childhood support program for immigrant parents	Discussion paper
34.	Lebiger-Vogel 2019 [76]		Germany	Early-childhood support program for immigrant parents	Discussion paper
35.	Lyberg 2012 [77]	To illuminate midwives’ and public health nurses’ perceptions of managing and supporting prenatal and postnatal migrant women in Norway	Norway	Maternity care	Qualitative descriptive	5 midwives and 1 public health nurse	N/A
35.	Lyberg 2012 [77]		Norway	Maternity care	Qualitative descriptive	Focus groups	N/A
36.	Lyons 2008 [78]	To explore the experiences, understanding and perspectives of maternity service providers when working with ethnic minority women in Dublin maternity services during 2002 and 2003	Ireland	Maternity services	Grounded theory approach	42 obstetricians, midwives, nurses, and key informants from specialized areas of infection control, social services and bereavement services	N/A
36.	Lyons 2008 [78]		Ireland	Maternity services	Grounded theory approach	Focus groups and interviews	N/A
37.	Mangrio 2017 [79]	To shed light on the experience of non-European immigrants with Sweden’s child health care system	Sweden	Child health care	Qualitative descriptive	14 mothers and 5 fathers	Afghanistan, Chile, India, Iraq, Kurdistan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Pakistan, Palestine, Venezuela, Vietnam
						Interviews
							LOT: 2 to 22 years
							Immigrant, refugee
38.	McLaughlin 2012 [80]	To explore the lived experiences of parenting amongst a group of Burmese refugee mothers and their perceptions of how facilitated playgroups assist them in their parenting role	Australia	Facilitated playgroup	Phenomenology	9 mothers, 2 playgroup staff and 1 kindergarten teacher Focus groups, interviews	Burma Refugee
39.	Merry 2011 [81]	To gain a greater understanding of the barriers asylum seeking women face in accessing health and social services postpartum	Canada	Health and social services postpartum	Qualitative descriptive	112 mothers	Africa, Asia, Europe, Latin America
						Review of nurses’ notes	LOT: ≤ 5 years
						Review of nurses’ notes	Asylum seeker
40.	Mukasa 2016 [82]	To 1) understand the disparities in access to maternal and child health (MCH) services experienced by recent African immigrant mothers in the United States; 2) explore circumstances that led to MCH access disparities experienced by this population; and 3) understand how access disparities affected participants’ overall experience of seeking MCH care services	United States	Maternal and child health services	Phenomenology	11 mothers	Sub-Saharan Africa
						Interviews	LOT: 1.5 to 4 years
						Interviews	Immigrant, refugee, asylum seeker
41.	Nabb 2006 [83]	To explore the perceptions of pregnant asylum-seekers in relation to the provision of maternity care while in emergency accommodation in the UK	United Kingdom	Maternity care	Qualitative descriptive	10 mothers and 5 healthcare professionals	Africa, Asia, Eastern Europe
						10 mothers and 5 healthcare professionals	Asylum seeker
						Interviews	Asylum seeker
42.	Ng 2011 [84]	To understand the difficulties health care professionals face when delivering prenatal care to immigrant women	Canada	Prenatal care	Qualitative descriptive	3 midwives, 5 nurses practitioners, and 2 obstetricians	N/A
42.	Ng 2011 [84]		Canada	Prenatal care	Qualitative descriptive	Interviews	N/A
43.	Ny 2006 [85]	To describe how men from the Middle East experience Swedish maternity and child health care	Sweden	Maternal and child healthcare	Qualitative descriptive	16 fathers	Middle-East
						Interviews and focus groups	LOT: 1–15 years
						Interviews and focus groups	Immigrant
44.	Owens 2016 [86]	To explore the perceptions of care experienced by refugees and migrant women of culturally and linguistically diverse backgrounds who had participated in a community-based antenatal service specializing in maternity care for multicultural women	Australia	Community-based antenatal service specializing in maternity care of women from culturally and linguistically diverse backgrounds	Phenomenology	I2 mothers	Indonesia, Pakistan Vietnam, Iran, Sudan, Burma, Thailand
						Interviews	Indonesia, Pakistan Vietnam, Iran, Sudan, Burma, Thailand
							LOT: 1–10 years
							Immigrant, refugee
							Bhatak, Baloch, Catholic, Muslim, Bari, Chin, Karen
45.	Pelaez 2017 [87]	To explore health care professionals’ perspectives of challenges newly-arrived migrant women to Canada coming from non-western countries face when needing maternity care in order to better understand clinical practices towards these women	Canada	Maternity care	Multiple case study	3 family physicians, 5 obstetricians, 4 medical residents, 1 nutritionist, 1 anesthesiologist, 7 social workers, 1 art therapist, 1 psychologist, 1 spiritual consultant, and 39 nurses	N/A
45.	Pelaez 2017 [87]		Canada	Maternity care	Multiple case study	Interviews	N/A
46.	Phillimore 2016 [88]	To examine the reasons why migrants’ access to antenatal care is poor	United Kingdom	Antenatal care	Mixed-methods (Qualitative descriptive in conjunction with a questionnaire)	82 mothers and 18 community health staff, general practitioners, pregnancy outreach workers, hospital staff and third sector workers	28 countries including China, Iran, Pakistan, Poland, Zimbabwe
							LOT: ≤ 5 years
							Immigrant, refugee, asylum seeker, undocumented
						Questionnaire and interviews	Immigrant, refugee, asylum seeker, undocumented
47.	Qureshi 2013 [21]	To describe the comparative birthing experiences of Pakistani immigrant women in Pakistan and the United States	United States	Maternity care	Ethnography	26 mothers	Pakistan
						Interviews	LOT: average of 12 years
						Interviews	Immigrant
48.	Renzaho 2014 [89]	To explore the views and perceptions of migrant women in Dandenong, Australia, about sociocultural barriers and health needs during pregnancy and in the postnatal period	Australia	Pregnancy and postnatal care	Qualitative descriptive	35 mothers	Afghanistan, Africa, China, Palestine, Lebanon, Syria, Iran, Jordan
						Focus groups
							LOT: 2 to 11 years
							Immigrant
49.	Rickmeyer 2015 [90]	To present preliminary results from a project that aims to evaluate the FIRST STEPS program, which is an early-childhood parenting support and child development intervention; preliminary results included attendance rates to the program, socio-demographics of the participating population and vignettes to illustrate some of the positive effects for families	Germany	Early-childhood support program for immigrant parents	Randomized control trial (with a qualitative component)	224 mothers	Ethiopia, Eritrea, Kenya, Sudan, Benin, Democratic Republic of Congo, Ghana, Nigeria, Mexico, Venezuela, Algeria, Egypt, Morocco, Tunisia, Bulgaria, Poland, Romania, Croatia, Kosovo, Montenegro, Serbia, Turkey, Afghanistan, India, Pakistan, Palestine, Saudi Arabia, Syria, China, Japan, Korea, Vietnam
						Questionnaires and vignettes
							LOT: ≤ 3 years
							Immigrant
50.	Riggs 2012 [91]	To explore experiences of using maternal and child health services, from the perspective of families from refugee backgrounds and service providers	Australia	Maternal and child health services	Qualitative descriptive	87 mothers and 5 healthcare providers (nurses, other healthcare workers and bicultural workers)	Iraq, Burma, Lebanon, Bhutan, Sudan
							LOT: 1.5 to 8.5 years
							Refugee
							Karen, Assyrian Chaldean
						Focus groups and interviews	Karen, Assyrian Chaldean
51.	Riggs 2017 [92]	To describe the experiences of group pregnancy care for Karen women from Burma who have resettled in Melbourne, Australia	Australia	Group pregnancy care	Qualitative descriptive	19 mothers	Burma
						Focus groups	LOT: < 1 year to 10 years
							Refugee
							Karen
52.	Russo 2015 [93]	To explore the experiences of Afghan women living in Melbourne throughout pregnancy, birth, and early motherhood, and gain insight into the aspects of their experiences that they perceive as positively and negatively impacting their emotional wellbeing	Australia	Maternity care	Qualitative descriptive	38 mothers	Afghanistan
						Focus groups and interviews	LOT: 1 to 6 years
						Focus groups and interviews	Refugee
53.	Sanchez 2017 [94]	To describe Mexican immigrant women experiences of pregnancy and birth and to identify the approaches that midwives use when caring for these women	United States	Midwifery care	Qualitative descriptive	20 mothers and 5 nurse-midwives	Mexico
						Interviews	LOT: 16 were in US < 3 years, others longer
						Interviews	Undocumented, immigrant
54.	Schmiedigen 2013 [95]	To describe the subjective experience of Brazilian women entering motherhood in the United States	United States	Maternity care	Interpretive phenomenology	8 mothers	Brazil
						Interviews	LOT: ≤ 10 years
						Interviews	Immigrant
55.	Seo 2017 [96]	To understand Korean immigrant women’s common experiences and practices of utilizing health care services in the United States during childbirth	United States	Health care services during childbirth	Interpretive phenomenology	15 mothers	Korea
						Interviews	LOT: 1.5 years to 19 years
						Interviews	Immigrant
56.	Shafiei 2012 [97]	To explore immigrant Afghan women’s views and experiences of maternity care in Melbourne, Australia	Australia	Maternity care	Mixed-methods design (survey followed by qualitative interviews)	40 mothers	Afghanistan
						Questionnaire and Interviews	LOT: half were ≤ 5 years, other half > 5 years
						Questionnaire and Interviews	Refugee
57.	Signorelli 2015 [98]	To describe the STARTTerS Early childhood program (a multimodal program that aims to support child development and trauma recovery, and enhance parenting confidence and skills), and to report the results from a community project with Karen and Mandaean refugee communities which aimed to better tailor services for these populations	Australia	Early childhood program for refugee families	Qualitative descriptive	48 male and female participants including parents, grandparents, other care-givers community leaders and other community members	Burma, Iraq
							LOT: very few were recent arrivals
							Refugee
							Karen, Mandaean
						Focus groups and interviews	Karen, Mandaean
58.	Signorelli 2017 [99]	To explore the implementation of a model to address access and other challenges in early childhood work with refugee families and communities, with the intent to increase service uptake	Australia	Early childhood program for refugee families	Discussion paper
59.	Stapleton 2013 [100]	To explore whether maternity care for women from refugee backgrounds attending a specialist antenatal clinic in a tertiary Australian public hospital, could be improved	Australia	Antenatal clinic for refugee women	Mixed-methods (retrospective cohort, survey, and qualitative descriptive)	4348 mothers (hospital data), 42 service-users (mothers), 147 hospital staff, 3 clinic staff, 3 hospital managers, 2 interpreting coordinators, and 5 key stakeholders	Africa and Middle East including Somalia, Sudan, Afghanistan, Burundi, Liberia Refugee
59.	Stapleton 2013 [100]		Australia	Antenatal clinic for refugee women		Surveys, interviews, focus groups, hospital and clinic databases and chart audit
60.	Stewart 2015 [101]	To evaluate a social support intervention (support groups consisting of like-ethnic and like-gender peers) for refugee new parents	Canada	Psychosocial intervention for refugee parents with young children (4 months to 5 years)	Mixed-methods (pre-test post-test design and qualitative descriptive)	38 mothers and 47 fathers 21 peer and professional mentors	Sudan, Zimbabwe
						38 mothers and 47 fathers 21 peer and professional mentors	LOT: < 5 years
						Interviews and questionnaires (social support, loneliness and isolation, coping, parenting stress)	Refugee, asylum seeker
61.	Stewart 2017 [102]	To examine support needs of African refugee new parents in Canada to guide development of a tailored support intervention	Canada	Psychosocial intervention for refugee parents with young children (4 months to 5 years)	Mixed-methods (qualitative descriptive and questionnaires)	29 fathers and 43 mothers (additional parents also participated in the group interviews but unclear how many), and 15 service-providers and 15 policy-influences/makers	Zimbabwe, Sudan
							LOT: < 5 years
							Refugee, asylum seeker
						Individual and group interviews and questionnaires (social support, coping)	Refugee, asylum seeker
62.	Stewart 2018 [103]	To develop and test an accessible and culturally appropriate social support intervention designed to meet the support needs and preferences identified by African refugee parents of young children	Canada	Social support intervention for refugee parents with young children (4 months to 5 years)	Qualitative descriptive	47 fathers and 38 mothers	Sudan, Zimbabwe
						Individual and group interviews	LOT: < 5 years
						Individual and group interviews	Refugee
63.	Tobin 2014 [104]	To explore midwives’ perceptions and experiences of providing care to women in the asylum process and to gain insight into how midwives can be equipped and supported to provide more effective care to this group in the future	Ireland	Maternity care	Qualitative descriptive	10 midwives	N/A
63.	Tobin 2014 [104]		Ireland	Maternity care	Qualitative descriptive	Interviews	N/A
64.	Vesely 2011 [105]	To gain greater understanding of the lived experiences of immigrant mothers of young children as they parented in the U.S. and interacted with the Early childhood care and education system	United States	Early childhood care and education mothers	Ethnographic and grounded theory approaches	41 mothers, 4 fathers	Ethiopia, El Salvador, Eritrea, Sudan, Ghana, Mexico, Ecuador, Egypt, Guatemala, Morocco, Somalia, Ghana, Argentina
						Interviews and observations
							LOT: 2 to 21 years
							Refugee, undocumented, immigrant
65.	Wikberg 2012 [106]	To describe and interpret from an intercultural perspective, the perceptions and experiences of immigrant new mothers in maternity care in Finland	Finland	Maternity care	Focused ethnography	17 mothers	Australia, Bosnia, Burma, Colombia, Estonia, Hungary, India, Iraq, Russia, Thailand, Uganda, Vietnam
						Interviews, observations, and documents (information given to mothers, newspapers, websites and informal notes)
							LOT: < 1 year to 10 years
							Refugee, immigrant, family sponsored, asylum seeker
							Kurdish
66.	Wikberg 2014 [107]	To illuminate immigrant new mothers’ experiences and perceptions of caring in maternity services in Finland	Finland	Maternity care	Focused ethnography	17 mothers	Australia, Bosnia, Burma, Colombia, Estonia, Hungary, India, Iraq, Russia, Thailand, Uganda, Vietnam
						Interviews, observations, and documents (information given to mothers, newspapers, websites and informal notes)
							LOT: < 1 year to 10 years
							Refugee, immigrant, family sponsored, asylum seeker
							Kurdish
67.	Willey 2018 [108]	To explore service provision for Victorian regional refugee families from the perspective of maternal and child health nurses	Australia	Maternal and child primary healthcare	Qualitative descriptive	26 maternal and child health nurses	N/A
67.	Willey 2018 [108]		Australia	Maternal and child primary healthcare	Qualitative descriptive	Focus groups, questionnaire	N/A
68.	Wojnar 2015 [109]	To explore the perspective of Somali couples on care and support received during the perinatal period in the United States	United States	Perinatal healthcare	Descriptive phenomenology	26 mothers and 22 fathers	Somalia
						Interviews	LOT: ≤ 5 years
						Interviews	Refugee
69.	Yelland 2014 [110]	To explore the responsiveness of health services to the social and mental health of Afghan women and men at time of having a baby	Australia	Maternity and early childhood services	Qualitative descriptive	16 mothers and 14 fathers 34 health professionals (midwives, general practitioners, refugee health nurses, maternal and child health nurses, obstetricians, community bicultural workers and other healthcare personnel)	Afghanistan
							LOT: < 1 year to ≥6 years
							Refugee
							Hazera, Tajik, Pashtu, Afghan, Sadath
						Interviews and focus groups	Hazera, Tajik, Pashtu, Afghan, Sadath

^aFor qualitative research in cases where the methodology was not explicitly named or it was unclear, we applied a label based on the description provided. General ‘qualitative’ exploratory studies were categorized as ‘qualitative descriptive’
^bThe description of migrants is based on what was provided in the paper (country of origin, length of time (LOT*) in country, immigration status, and/or ethnicity); Often ‘immigrant’ is used to generally refer to anyone foreign-born without specifying which immigration statuses are included

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