Table 2 Years since last eye examination
From: Eye care utilization pattern in South Africa: results from SANHANES-1
|  | <=2 years | 3–5 years | > 5 years | Never had an eye examination |  | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
% | 95% CI | % | 95% CI | % | 95% CI | % | 95% CI | N | |
Total | 17.8 | [15.0–20.9] | 5.1 | [4.2–6.2] | 3.8 | [2.9–4.8] | 73.4 | [69.7–76.7] | 3320 |
Predisposing factors | |||||||||
 Age (years) | |||||||||
  15–29 | 10.2 | [7.7–13.5] | 2.8 | [1.8–4.5] | 3.0 | [2.0–4.6] | 83.9 | [79.8–87.3] | 1227 |
  30–44 | 15.9 | [12.5–20.1] | 5.8 | [4.1–8.2] | 4.2 | [2.7–6.4] | 74.0 | [69.1–78.4] | 783 |
  45–59 | 25.9 | [21.0–31.3] | 6.9 | [4.9–9.6] | 3.6 | [2.1–6.3] | 63.7 | [57.5–69.4] | 767 |
  60–74 | 30.7 | [22.4–40.5] | 8.2 | [5.6–11.9] | 5.3 | [2.9–9.3] | 55.8 | [46.7–64.6] | 430 |
  > =75 | 33.6 | [21.4–48.5] | 5.7 | [2.6–11.9] | 5.1 | [2.3–11.3] | 55.6 | [42.4–68.0] | 112 |
 Sex | |||||||||
  Males | 19.8 | [16.0–24.3] | 5.4 | [4.0–7.2] | 4.1 | [2.8–6.0] | 70.6 | [65.4–75.4] | 1165 |
  Females | 16.5 | [13.6–19.8] | 4.9 | [3.8–6.3] | 3.5 | [2.7–4.7] | 75.1 | [71.6–78.3] | 2154 |
 Ethnicity | |||||||||
  African | 14.0 | [11.4–17.2] | 3.9 | [3.1–5.0] | 3.3 | [2.4–4.5] | 78.7 | [74.9–82.1] | 2340 |
  White | 66.7 | [48.7–80.8] | 7.2 | [2.9–17.0] | 9.1 | [4.0–19.2] | 17.0 | [7.8–33.1] | 69 |
  Coloured’ (mixed race) | 23.8 | [19.2–29.1] | 11.8 | [9.3–14.9] | 5.0 | [3.5–7.1] | 59.4 | [53.6–64.9] | 751 |
  Indian | 45.6 | [34.2–57.4] | 19.7 | [8.5–39.4] | 6.1 | [2.3–15.2] | 28.7 | [21.2–37.5] | 159 |
 High-risk alcohol use | |||||||||
  Low risk (1–3 for men and 1–2 for women) | 15.8 | [13.2–18.8] | 4.9 | [3.9–6.1] | 3.1 | [2.4–4.1] | 76.2 | [72.8–79.2] | 2698 |
  High risk (> = 4 for men and > =3 for women) | 26.0 | [20.7–32.2] | 6.0 | [4.1–8.7] | 6.7 | [4.5–9.8] | 61.4 | [54.1–68.2] | 621 |
 Current smoker | |||||||||
  No | 17.3 | [14.2–20.8] | 4.6 | [3.7–5.8] | 3.5 | [2.6–4.6] | 74.6 | [70.8–78.1] | 2662 |
  Yes | 20.1 | [15.5–25.7] | 7.7 | [5.4–10.7] | 5.2 | [3.2–8.3] | 67.1 | [61.1–72.5] | 657 |
Enabling factors | |||||||||
 Wealth index | |||||||||
  Lowest (1) | 8.7 | [6.6–11.4] | 4.1 | [2.7–6.3] | 2.2 | [1.2–3.8] | 85.0 | [81.5–87.9] | 793 |
  2 | 9.1 | [6.8–12.0] | 3.3 | [1.8–5.9] | 3.0 | [1.8–5.0] | 84.7 | [81.0–87.7] | 756 |
  3 | 13.5 | [10.3–17.6] | 6.4 | [4.5–9.1] | 5.8 | [3.6–9.1] | 74.3 | [67.8–79.8] | 771 |
  4 | 27.0 | [21.8–32.8] | 6.0 | [4.2–8.6] | 3.7 | [2.3–5.9] | 63.3 | [57.0–69.2] | 604 |
  Wealthiest (5) | 46.0 | [35.5–56.8] | 6.9 | [4.3–10.7] | 4.9 | [2.6–9.1] | 42.2 | [32.0–53.2] | 395 |
 Residence | |||||||||
  Rural | 12.1 | [10.2–14.4] | 4.2 | [3.1–5.8] | 2.5 | [1.7–3.7] | 81.1 | [77.9–83.9] | 1335 |
  Urban | 22.5 | [17.8–28.0] | 5.8 | [4.6–7.4] | 4.8 | [3.5–6.5] | 66.9 | [60.9–72.4] | 1984 |
 Has health insurance | |||||||||
  No | 12.6 | [10.9–14.6] | 5.1 | [4.2–6.3] | 3.6 | [2.7–4.7] | 78.7 | [75.8–81.3] | 2893 |
  Yes | 47.9 | [38.8–57.1] | 4.9 | [3.2–7.4] | 4.9 | [2.8–8.3] | 42.4 | [33.7–51.6] | 426 |
Need factors | |||||||||
 Hypertension | |||||||||
  No | 14.0 | [11.4–17.2] | 4.4 | [3.4–5.7] | 3.5 | [2.5–4.9] | 78.1 | [74.5–81.3] | 2126 |
  Yes | 25.6 | [21.1–30.8] | 6.5 | [4.9–8.6] | 4.4 | [3.0–6.5] | 63.4 | [58.0–68.5] | 1193 |
 Self-reported diagnosis of Diabetes | |||||||||
  No | 16.3 | [13.5–19.4] | 4.9 | [4.0–6.1] | 3.7 | [2.9–4.9] | 75.1 | [71.4–78.4] | 3070 |
  Yes | 39.1 | [30.2–48.8] | 7.6 | [4.7–12.0] | 4.2 | [1.9–8.8] | 49.1 | [40.0–58.2] | 249 |
 High cholesterol - self-reported | |||||||||
  No | 16.6 | [14.0–19.6] | 4.6 | [3.8–5.6] | 3.5 | [2.7–4.6] | 75.3 | [71.8–78.4] | 3170 |
  Yes | 43.3 | [30.0–57.6] | 15.1 | [8.6–25.1] | 9.8 | [4.8–19.2] | 31.8 | [21.1–44.8] | 149 |
 Cardiovascular disease | |||||||||
  No | 17.5 | [14.7–20.7] | 5.0 | [4.1–6.1] | 3.4 | [2.6–4.5] | 74.0 | [70.3–77.4] | 3074 |
  Yes | 20.5 | [13.9–29.2] | 6.2 | [3.6–10.5] | 7.8 | [4.3–13.7] | 65.5 | [56.6–73.3] | 245 |
 Accessed health care in the past 5 years | |||||||||
  No | 12.8 | [10.3–15.8] | 2.4 | [1.6–3.6] | 3.0 | [2.1–4.3] | 81.8 | [78.2–84.9] | 1756 |
  Yes | 23.4 | [19.6–27.8] | 8.1 | [6.6–9.9] | 4.7 | [3.4–6.4] | 63.8 | [59.2–68.2] | 1563 |
 Clinician assessed vision loss | |||||||||
  No | 16.3 | [13.3–19.8] | 4.9 | [4.0–6.0] | 3.8 | [3.0–5.0] | 75.0 | [71.0–78.6] | 2936 |
  Yes | 30.3 | [24.4–36.9] | 6.8 | [4.3–10.7] | 3.2 | [1.7–5.9] | 59.7 | [53.6–65.5] | 383 |
 Self-reported vision problems | |||||||||
  No | 16.2 | [13.1–19.8] | 4.1 | [3.3–5.2] | 3.8 | [2.9–5.1] | 75.9 | [71.8–79.5] | 2664 |
  Yes | 25.0 | [20.8–29.8] | 9.5 | [6.9–13.0] | 3.5 | [2.2–5.5] | 62.0 | [56.3–67.4] | 655 |