Medical insurance and healthcare utilization among the middle-aged and elderly in China: evidence from the China health and retirement longitudinal study 2011, 2013 and 2015

Zhou, Yue; Wushouer, Haishaerjiang; Vuillermin, Daniel; Ni, Bingyu; Guan, Xiaodong; Shi, Luwen

doi:10.1186/s12913-020-05522-w

Table 3 Determinants of healthcare utilization in the middle-aged and elderly in 2011, 2013 and 2015

From: Medical insurance and healthcare utilization among the middle-aged and elderly in China: evidence from the China health and retirement longitudinal study 2011, 2013 and 2015

Variables	Reference Group	Outpatient Service Utilization			Inpatient Service Utilization
Variables	Reference Group	Coefficient	SE	p	Coefficient	SE	p
Gender	Female
Male		0.239	0.037	0.000	− 0.062	0.045	0.168
Age	[45,55]
(55,65]		−0.008	0.041	0.837	0.345	0.052	0.000
(65, +∞)		0.169	0.049	0.001	0.739	0.060	0.000
Marital Status	Married or Cohabitated
Divorced, Widowed, Never Married, Separated		−0.030	0.056	0.590	0.011	0.065	0.869
Education Status	Below Primary School
Primary School		0.067	0.046	0.143	0.005	0.055	0.922
Secondary School		0.094	0.057	0.101	−0.095	0.070	0.176
High School and Above		0.148	0.071	0.036	−0.260	0.087	0.003
Registration Place	Non-rural areas
Rural areas		0.053	0.041	0.192	−0.087	0.050	0.078
Region	Eastern
Central		−0.072	0.043	0.094	0.182	0.054	0.001
Western		0.039	0.043	0.356	0.398	0.053	0.000
Household Size	1–2
3–4		0.142	0.040	0.000	0.126	0.048	0.008
≥5		0.249	0.046	0.000	0.139	0.056	0.013
Chronic Diseases^a	No
Yes		0.467	0.040	0.000	0.403	0.049	0.000
Self-Reported Health	Good
Fair		0.630	0.046	0.000	0.625	0.059	0.000
Poor		1.364	0.055	0.000	1.584	0.067	0.000
Depression	Low
Moderate		0.315	0.039	0.000	0.254	0.047	0.000
High		0.480	0.072	0.000	0.367	0.084	0.000
Economic Status	Quintile 1 (Poorest)
Quintile 2		0.243	0.052	0.000	0.258	0.068	0.000
Quintile 3		0.283	0.053	0.000	0.609	0.067	0.000
Quintile 4		0.317	0.054	0.000	0.796	0.067	0.000
Quintile 5		0.494	0.056	0.000	1.058	0.070	0.000
Medical Insurance Schemes	NRCMS
UEBMI		0.009	0.060	0.882	0.340	0.070	0.000
URBMI		−0.172	0.072	0.016	0.136	0.082	0.095
PMI		0.024	0.109	0.827	0.226	0.131	0.083
NONE		−0.422	0.077	0.000	−0.545	0.100	0.000

McKelvey & Zavoina’s R² of the model used in our study were 0.1027 (outpatient service utilization) and 0.1493(inpatient service utilization)
NRCMS New Rural Cooperative Medical Insurance Scheme, UEBMI Urban Employees Basic Medical Insurance, URBMI Urban Residents’ Basic Medical Insurance, PMI Private Medical Insurance
^a Chronic diseases included hypertension, dyslipidemia, diabetes or high blood sugar, cancer or malignant tumor (excluding minor skin cancers), chronic lung diseases, such as chronic bronchitis, emphysema (excluding tumors, or cancer), liver disease (except fatty liver, tumors, and cancer), heart attack, stroke, kidney disease (except for tumor or cancer), stomach or other digestive disease (except for tumor or cancer), emotional, nervous, or psychiatric problems, memory-related disease, arthritis or rheumatism and asthma. In the surveys, people were asked whether they had ever been diagnosed with one of the listed chronic diseases and their responses were recorded

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ISSN: 1472-6963

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