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Table 1 Description of variables in 2011, 2013 and 2015 a

From: Medical insurance and healthcare utilization among the middle-aged and elderly in China: evidence from the China health and retirement longitudinal study 2011, 2013 and 2015

Variables

2011

N = 17,250

2013

N = 18,195

2015

N = 19,842

n (%) b

n (%)

n (%)

Medical Insurance Schemes

 NRCMS

12,285 (72.2)

12,879 (72.1)

13,208 (68.8)

 UEBMI

2101 (12.4)

2420 (13.6)

2810 (14.6)

 URBMI

948 (5.6)

1284 (7.2)

1361 (7.1)

 PMI

540 (3.2)

555 (3.1)

185 (1.0)

 NONE

1137 (6.7)

726 (4.1)

1634 (8.5)

Economic Status (Average Total Household Annual Expenditure Per Capita in 2011, 2013 and 2015/US Dollars)c

 Quintile 1 (255.1, 371.0, 409.7)

2891 (20.1)

2400 (20.2)

2747 (20.6)

 Quintile 2 (520.3, 749.7, 869.5)

2888 (20.1)

2385 (20.1)

2701 (20.3)

 Quintile 3 (803.1, 1129.3, 1368.8)

2882 (20.1)

2377 (20.0)

2644 (19.9)

 Quintile 4 (1260.0, 1740.9, 2145.3)

2847 (19.8)

2366 (20.0)

2620 (19.7)

 Quintile 5 (3318.9, 4396.0, 6052.2)

2866 (19.9)

2360 (19.9)

2606 (19.6)

Gender

 Female

8407 (48.7)

8816 (48.5)

9653 (48.7)

 Male

8841 (51.3)

9378 (51.5)

10,181 (51.3)

Age

  [45,55]

6895 (40.0)

6705 (36.9)

7410 (37.4)

  (55,65]

6117 (35.5)

6553 (36.0)

6742 (34.0)

  (65, +∞)

4238 (24.6)

4937 (27.1)

5690 (28.7)

Marital Status

 Married or Cohabitated

14,990 (87.0)

15,792 (86.8)

17,140 (86.4)

 Divorced, Widowed, Never Married, Separated

2248 (13.0)

2396 (13.2)

2696 (13.6)

Education Status

 Below Primary School

4765 (27.7)

4825 (26.5)

5021 (25.4)

 Primary School

6715 (39.0)

7161 39.4)

8673 (43.8)

 Secondary School

3555 (20.6)

3822 (21.0)

3835 (19.4)

 High School and Above

2198 (12.8)

2375 (13.1)

2274 (11.5)

Registration Place

 Non-rural areas

6985 (40.5)

7348 (40.4)

8032 (40.5)

 Rural Areas

10,265 (59.5)

10,843 (59.6)

11,807 (59.5)

Region

 Eastern

5990 (34.7)

6290 (34.6)

6957 (35.1)

 Central

5654 (32.8)

5954 (32.7)

6438 (32.5)

 Western

5603 (32.5)

5940 (32.7)

6442 (32.5)

Chronic Diseasesd

 No

5566 (32.5)

6384 (35.4)

7523 (38.2)

 Yes

11,573 (67.5)

11,657 (64.6)

12,196 (61.9)

Self-reported Health

 Good

3409 (27.7)

4407 (25.6)

4705 (25.4)

 Fair

5790 (47.0)

9032 (52.5)

9918 (53. 6)

 Poor

3119 (25.3)

3765 (21.9)

3894 (21.0)

Depression

 Mild

12,062 (70.4)

13,661 (75.7)

14,467 (73.4)

 Moderate

4209 (24.6)

3761 (20.9)

4267 (21.6)

 Severe

868 (5.1)

619 (3.4)

985 (5.0)

Household Size

 1–2

6274 (36.4)

6424 (35.3)

7972 (40.2)

 3–4

5874 (34.1)

6349 (34.9)

9378 (47.3)

  ≥ 5

5102 (29.6)

5418 (29.8)

2489 (12.6)

Outpatient Service Utilization

3117 (18.6)

3653 (20.7)

3615 (18.7)

Inpatient Service Utilization

1631 (9.6)

2486 (13.8)

2813 (14.3)

  1. NRCMS New Rural Cooperative Medical Insurance Scheme, UEBMI Urban Employees Basic Medical Insurance, URBMI Urban Residents’ Basic Medical Insurance, PMI Private Medical Insurance
  2. a Numbers across the subgroups of some certain characteristics did not add up to the total because of some missing values
  3. b “n” means the number of individuals in each group and “%” means the proportion of individuals in each group
  4. c Average total household annual expenditure per capita in 2011, 2013 and 2015 was 1228.2 US dollars, 1670.3 US dollars and 2138.9 US dollars, respectively
  5. d Chronic diseases included hypertension, dyslipidemia, diabetes or high blood sugar, cancer or malignant tumor (excluding minor skin cancers), chronic lung diseases, such as chronic bronchitis, emphysema (excluding tumors, or cancer), liver disease (except fatty liver, tumors, and cancer), heart attack, stroke, kidney disease (except for tumor or cancer), stomach or other digestive disease (except for tumor or cancer), emotional, nervous, or psychiatric problems, memory-related disease, arthritis or rheumatism and asthma. In the surveys, people were asked whether they had ever been diagnosed with one of the listed chronic diseases and their responses were recorded