Table 11 Pooled Mean Group (PMG) Causality test
From: An empirical study on the determinants of health care expenses in emerging economies
Variable | Coefficients | t- statistics | Probability | Conclusions |
|---|---|---|---|---|
INDUS→ PHEC | 0.019 (0.025) | 0.789 | 0.430 | Unidirectional causality between PPHCE and INDUS |
PHCE →INDUS | 0.347 (0.039) | −8.735 | 0.000*** |  |
PHCE →POP | 0.549 (0.109) | 5.426 | 0.000** | Unidirectional causality between PHCE and POP |
POP → PHCE | 0.018 (0.062) | 0.789 | 0.432 |  |
PHCE →GDP | 0.495 (0.296) | 16.704 | 0.000*** | Bidirectional causality between PHCE and PGDP |
PGDP → PHCE | 0.743 (0.053) | 14.013 | 0.000*** |  |
PHEC →TEC | 0.979 (0.076) | 12.763 | 0.000*** | Bidirectional causality between PHCE and TEC |
TEC → PHEC | −0.020 (0.009) | −2.149 | 0.032** |  |
PHEC → AGRIC | 0.322 (0.054) | 5.879 | 0.000** | Bidirectional causality between PHCE and AGRIC |
AGRIC → PHCE | 2.729 (0.046) | 5.983 | 0.000*** | |
OOP → INDUS | −0.109 (0.072) | −6.334 | 0.000*** | Bidirectional causality between OOP and INDUS |
INDUS→ OOP | −0.090 (0.048) | −1.861 | 0.064* |  |
OOP → POP | 0.532 (0.202) | 2.630 | 0.009** | Bidirectional causality between OOP and POP |
POP →OOP | −0.629 (0.214) | −2.929 | 0.003*** |  |
OOP → PGDP | 0.025 (0.014) | 13.740 | 0.000*** | Bidirectional causality between OOP and PGDP |
PGDP → OOP | 1.068 (0.118) | 9.035 | 0.000*** |  |
TEC → OOP | −0.035 (0.022) | −1.573 | 0.117 | Unidirectional causality between OOP and TEC |
OOP → TEC | 0.171 (0.055) | 3.084 | 0.002v** |  |
OOP → AGRIC | 0.1549 (0.051) | 3.095 | 0.002*** | Unidirectional causality between OOP and AGRIC |
AGRIC →OOP | −0.123 (0.110) | −1.112 | 0.267 |  |