Table 3 Two-part regression model: adjusted marginal differences in healthcare expenditures among U.S. adults with arthritis by race and ethnicity 2008–2016 (n = 53,058)
| Â | Marginal difference | 95% Confidence interval | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|
Race/Ethnicity | |||
 Non-Hispanic White (Reference) | – | – |  |
 Non-Hispanic Black | -$946 | -$1355 to -$537 | *** |
 Hispanic | -$939 | -$480 to -$1397 | *** |
 Other | -$1178 | -$1713 to -$644 | *** |
Year | |||
 2008–2010 (Reference) | – | – |  |
 2011–2013 | $758 | $341 to $1176 | ** |
 2014–2016 | $897 | $51 to $1281 | *** |
Predisposing | |||
 Age | -$24.36 | -$39 to -$9 | *** |
 Sex | |||
  Male (Reference) | – | – |  |
  Female | $362 | $22 to $701 | * |
 Region | |||
  Northeast (Reference) | – | – |  |
  Midwest | -$86 | -$830 to $99 |  |
  South | -$451 | -$883 to -$20 |  |
  West | -$45 | -$524 to $434 |  |
Enabling | |||
 Education | |||
  < Bachelor’s Degree (Reference) | – | – |  |
  > = Bachelor’s degree | $1119 | $708 to $1530 |  |
 Employment | |||
  Employed (Reference) | – | – |  |
  Unemployed | $2305 | $1839 to $2771 |  |
 Poverty Category [family income to poverty line %] | |||
  High income [> = 400] (Reference) | – | – |  |
  Middle Income [> = 200 & < 400] | -$851 | -$1295 to -$407 | ** |
  Low Income [> = 125 & < 200] | -$845 | -$1415 to -$275 | * |
  Near Poor [> = 100 & < 125] | -$1035 | -$1609 to -$460 | ** |
  Poor [< 100] | -$966 | -$1518 to -$415 | ** |
 Insurance Status | |||
  Any Private (Reference) | – | – |  |
  Public only | -$830 | -$1214 to -$445 | *** |
  Uninsured | -$3937 | -$4500 to -$3373 | *** |
 Access to Care | |||
  Able to get care (Reference) | – | – |  |
  Unable to get care | -$1591 | -$2152 to -$1030 | *** |
  No delays in receiving care (Reference) | – | – |  |
  Delayed in receiving care | $2629 | $1905 to $3353 | *** |
Need | |||
 Comorbidity Count (0–8) | $1575 | $1427 to $1722 | *** |
 Functional Limitations | |||
  Did not need help with ADL (Reference) | – | – |  |
  Needed help with ADL | $5241 | $4184 to $6298 | *** |
  Did not need help with IADL (Reference) | – | – |  |
  Needed help with IADL | $3829 | $3118 to $4540 | *** |
 BMI | |||
  Normal weight (Reference) | – | – |  |
  Under weight | $1407 | $205 to $2609 | * |
  Overweight | $91 | -$358 to $540 |  |
  Obese | $452 | $40 to $863 |  |
 Joint Pain | |||
  No Joint Pain (Reference) | – | – |  |
  Had joint pain | $1349 | $914 to $1785 | *** |