Table 2 Summary of Each Implementation Project

1 BHIP

Limited delivery of anticipatory, patient-centred, and coordinated outpatient mental health care.

Collaborative Chronic Care Model (CCM) for interdisciplinary team-based care in general mental health clinic settings.

Internal-external model of facilitation adapted from Kirchner et al. (2014) and based on i-PARIHS

Interdisciplinary general mental health care team members (e.g. clerk, nurse, psychiatrist, psychologist, social worker) at nine U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) medical centres.

Outpatient mental health care setting

Outer context

In 2013, VA leadership launched a nationwide initiative to establish interdisciplinary teams in each VA medical centre throughout the United States. In 2015, the VA adopted the CCM and partnered with the study team to develop CCM implementation support.

Inner context

The inner context varied by medical centre.

2 CHERISH

High prevalence of geriatric complications (e.g. delirium, functional decline) in older inpatients

A multicomponent intervention to reduce complications and improve outcomes

Internal-external model of facilitation based on i-PARIHS

Interdisciplinary acute care team members (nurses, allied health professionals, medical staff)

Acute care setting

Outer context

New national standard on comprehensive care and delirium clinical care standard created an impetus for improving care of older patients.

Inner context

The inner context varied by hospital and ward.

3 SIMPLE

Suboptimal and inefficient management of malnutrition in hospitals

Systematised Interdisciplinary Malnutrition Program Implementation and Evaluation – for enabling a system and team approach to better management of malnutrition

Internal-external model of facilitation based on i-PARIHS

Multidisciplinary teams and dietetics departments in six publicly funded hospitals in Australia

Acute care setting

Outer context

State-wide roll-out of electronic medical

records exposed gaps in systems of malnutrition care and unsustainable demand on dietetics services.

Inner context

The inner context varied by hospital, ward and dietetics department.

4 REACH

Inconsistent cleaning practices in hospitals despite detailed cleaning guidelines

An environmental cleaning bundle – a bundle of evidence-based practices to improve cleaning performance and reduce infections

External facilitation with local champions

Environmental services staff members employed in a role that included ward cleaning across 11 hospitals (public and private) in Australia.

Acute care setting

Outer context

National accreditation requirements and infection control guidelines required hospitals to have a comprehensive cleaning program.

Inner context

The inner context varied by ward.