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Table 3 Determinants of the first point of health-service contact (private clinic or primary health centre)

From: Cost of seeking care for tuberculosis since the implementation of universal health coverage in Indonesia

Characteristics

Private clinic

N (%)

PHCa

N (%)

P

cOR (95% CI)

P

aOR (95% CI)

Districts

 Urbana

26 (27)

51 (54)

 

1

 

1

 Suburban

25 (28)

40 (44)

0.557

1.24 (0.60–2.55)

0.462

1.32 (0.63–2.76)

 Rural

42 (43)

36 (37)

0.020

2.27 (1.14–4.53)

0.119

1.88 (0.85–4.15)

Household income level‡

 Poor

63 (36)

76 (43)

0.355

1.32 (0.74–2.35)

0.824

1.07 (0.57–2.01)

 Non-Poora

30 (28)

51 (48)

 

1

 

1

Education level±

 Low

43 (43)

38 (38)

0.024

1.93 (1.09–3.41)

0.090

1.69 (0.92–3.10)

 Middle to higha

50 (27)

89 (49)

 

1

 

1

National health insurance

 Covered

52 (30)

79 (46)

0.468

0.81 (0.46–1.43)

0.768

0.92 (0.51–1.65)

 Not covereda

41 (37)

48 (44)

 

1

 

1

Workers in informal sectors

 Yes

68 (34)

86 (43)

0.364

1.32 (0.72–2.41)

0.284

1.40 (1.76–2.58)

 Noa

25 (31)

41 (51)

 

1

 

1

  1. aReference category; ‡ household earning below 1.9 USD per capita per day was classified as a poor household; ± a patient who did not graduate from elementary school was classified as having low education level