Table 1 Attributes and levels of fictitious prostate cancer screening programs

Mortality by prostate cancer

Number of deaths by prostate cancer

2 / 1000^a

5 / 1000^a

6 / 1000^a

6 / 1000

Schröder et al.(2014) [3]

False positive result

Number of false positive results to the screening test (false alarm)

This wrong alert induces potentially useless supplementary exams (biopsies) because men do not have cancer

50 / 1000^a

150 / 1000^a

250/ 1000^a

0

Kipeläinen, et al. (2011) [25]

False negative result

Number of false negative results on screening test

Prostate cancer is undetected yet individual has prostate cancer

1 / 1000

5 / 1000

10 / 1000

0

Verbeek, et al. (2018) [24]

Overdiagnosis

Number of prostate cancers detected, even treated unnecessarily (overdiagnosis)

This prostate cancer would never cause symptoms, pain or death

10 / 1000^a

30 / 1000^a

50 / 1000^a

0

Etzioni, et al. (2013) [22]

Recommended frequency

Frequency at which you should be screened

Every year

Every 2 years

Every 4 years

NA

Tsodikov et al. (2017) [2]

Out-of-pocket costs

Amount to pay for each screening session

Amount is not reimbursed by national health insurance or supplementary health insurance

0 €

10 €

20 €

40 €

0

NABM [1], NGAP [2]