Table 2 Effect of additional AHA on activity limitation outcomes

Britton 2008 [27]

Time to stand (sec)

0.1 (−0.25 to 0.45)

0.25 (− 0.68 to 1.18)

Number of sit-to-stands in 1-min

3.00 (0.94 to 6.94)

0.76 (− 0.20 to 1.72)

Howe 2006 [30]

Time to stand (sec)

−0.70 (− 2.81 to 1.41)

−0.25 (− 0.96 to 0.47)

Time to sit (sec)

0.20 (−0.96 to 1.36)

0.12 (− 0.60 to 0.85)

Isbel 2014 [31]

Lawton ADL scale (units)

−3.48 (− 8.85 to 1.89)

−0.51 (− 1.28 to 0.25)

Barthel index (units)

−0.35 (− 4.04 to 3.33)

−0.07 (− 0.83 to 0.67)

Jones 2006 [32]

TUGT (sec) (change score)

4.74 (1.54 to 7.94)^b

0.64 (0.11 to 1.16)^b

Barthel Index (units) (change score)

1.00 (−4.17 to 6.17)^b

0.07 (− 0.28 to 0.42)^b

Lincoln 1999 [33]

Rivermead Arm (units)

0 (− 1.70 to 1.70)^b

0 (−0.30 to 0.30)^b

ARAT (units)

1.00 (−8.43 to 10.43)^b

0.03 (−0.27 to 0.33)^b

Barthel Index (units)

−0.33 (− 2.59 to 1.93)^b

− 0.04 (− 0.34 to 0.26)^b

Rivermead gross motor (units)

−1.00 (− 2.58 to 0.58)^b

−0.19 (− 0.49 to 0.11)^b

Ten hole peg test (units)

−3.67 (− 15.07 to 17.73)^b

− 0.09 (− 0.39 to 0.20)^b

Parry 1999 [34]

Rivermead Arm (units)

2.00 (0.66 to 3.34)^b

0.71 (0.20 to 1.22)^b

ARAT (units)

11.66 (2.42 to 20.90)^b

0.59 (0.08 to 1.10)^b

Barthel Index (units)

2.00 (− 0.51 to 4.51)^b

0.37 (− 0.13 to 0.87)^b

Niemela 2012 [35]

Female

Sit to stand 5 times (sec)

−0.60 (− 4.50 to 3.30)

−0.05 (− 0.35 to 0.25)

Walking speed (m/sec)

0 (−0.14 to 0.14)

0 (− 0.30 to 0.30)

Berg balance scale (units)

0.50 (−4.75 to 5.75)

0.29 (−0.27 to 0.33)

Male

Sit to stand 5 times (sec)

1.7 (−2.21 to 5.61)

0.12 (−0.15 to 0.39)

Walking speed (m/sec)

0 (−0.15 to 0.15)

0 (−0.27 to 0.27)

Berg balance scale (units)

−6.2 (− 10.87 to − 1.53)

− 0.36 (− 0.64 to − 0.09)

Nolan 2008 [36]

Elderly mobility scale (units)

2.46 (N/A)^a

N/A

Parry 2016 [37]

SPPB (units)

0.90 (− 1.06 to 2.87)^a

N/A

Functional reach test (units)

0.91 (− 0.85 to 2.66)^a

N/A

Parsons 2018 [38]

Inter RAI-CA (units)

bathing

0.15 (N/A)^a

N/A

dressing lower body

0.10 (N/A)^a

N/A

Hygiene

0.09 (N/A)^a

N/A

Locomotion

0.08 (N/A)^a

N/A

Toilet use

0.03 (N/A)^a

N/A

Meal preparation

0.08 (N/A)^a

N/A

House work

− 0.03 (N/A)^a

N/A

Medication

0.01 (N/A)^a

N/A

Stairs

−0.03 (N/A)^a

N/A

Pengas 2015 [39]

Hip arthroplasty

Time to mobilise with two sticks (days)

0.42 (0.12 to 0.72)

0.30 (0.09 to 0.51)

Knee arthroplasty

Time to mobilise with two sticks (days)

0.58 (0.27 to 0.89)

0.41 (0.15 to 0.67)

Salisbury 2010 [40]

Rivermead mobility index (units)

−1.93 (−11.58 to 7.72)^b

− 0.23 (− 1.42 to 0.97)^b

TUGT (sec)

−3.46 (− 26.49 to 19.57)^b

−0.19 (− 1.51 to 1.13)^b

10 m walk test (sec)

−9.43 (−47.73 to 28.87)^b

− 0.33 (− 1.66 to 1.00)^b

Shuttle walk test (m)

−14.50 (− 375.82 to 346.82)^b

− 0.05 (− 1.36 to 1.27)

Shearer 2013 [41]

Barthel Index (units) (change score)

4.27 (N/A)^a

N/A

Siebens 2000 [42]

Number of independent ADL

0.50 (0 to 1.00)

0.24 (0.10 to 0.49)

NHIS physical activity scale (units)

0.70 (− 0.58 to 1.98)

0.13 (− 0.11 to 0.37)

Walsh 2015 [44]

Rivermead mobility index (units)

0 (− 0.78 to 0.78)

0 (− 0.26 to 0.26)

TUGT (secs)

0.06 (− 1.31 to 1.43)

0.01 (− 0.28 to 0.31)

Weindling 2007 [43]

GMFM-66 (units)

4.5 (− 10.93 to 19.93)

0.16 (− 0.38 to 0.70)

Vineland adaptive behaviour daily living scale (units)

1.0 (− 7.04 to 9.04)

0.07 (− 0.47 to 0.61)