Table 3 Multilevel model results of NMR, IMR, and U5MR among the entire population in urban districts of Guangdong province

Number of PCPs per 10,000 population

0.003 (0.039)

0.047 (0.043)

0.024 (0.044)

−0.015 (0.048)

0.041 (0.055)

0.006 (0.055)

−0.006 (0.065)

0.088 (0.073)

0.052 (0.074)

Visit proportion to primary care, %

−0.009 (0.009)

− 0.033^b (0.014)

− 0.038^b (0.015)

− 0.008 (0.011)

− 0.038^b (0.018)

− 0.041^b (0.018)

−0.011 (0.015)

− 0.061^b (0.024)

−0.068^a (0.025)

Number of physicians working in district-level hospitals per 10,000 population

–

−0.148^b (0.070)

−0.179^b (0.072)

–

− 0.182^b (0.087)

−0.223^b (0.087)

–

− 0.306^a (0.117)

−0.366^a (0.118)

Tertiary hospitals in the district

–

−0.046 (0.217)

0.082 (0.221)

–

−0.196 (0.259)

−0.095 (0.255)

–

− 0.286 (0.349)

−0.151 (0.351)

GDP per capita (CNY 10,000/USD 1586.34)

–

–

0.011 (0.020)

–

–

0.026 (0.025)

–

–

0.021 (0.034)

Population density (1000 per square kilometer)

–

–

−0.028 (0.023)

–

–

−0.030 (0.029)

–

–

− 0.047 (0.039)

Children aged between 0 and 6, %

–

–

0.049 (0.030)

–

–

0.106^a (0.034)

–

–

0.116^b (0.047)

Pregnant women with rural registration, %

–

–

0.009 (0.006)

–

–

0.010 (0.007)

–

–

0.010 (0.010)

2015

−0.304^b (0.137)

−0.296^b (0.137)

− 0.261 (0.140)

−0.407^a (0.155)

− 0.396^b (0.154)

−0.352^b (0.154)

− 0.478^b (0.214)

−0.460^b (0.211)

− 0.406 (0.214)

2016

−0.186 (0.143)

− 0.174 (0.150)

−0.179 (0.150)

− 0.200 (0.163)

−0.159 (0.171)

− 0.167 (0.167)

−0.290 (0.225)

− 0.230 (0.232)

−0.234 (0.232)

Constant

2.306^a (0.588)

4.361^a (1.146)

4.205^a (1.293)

3.190^a (0.781)

5.744^a (1.428)

5.121^a (1.569)

4.116^a (1.021)

8.369^a (1.906)

8.158^a (2.125)

Observations

178

178

178

178

178

178

178

178

178