Table 3 Multilevel regression models for cost-related unmet need for healthcare
From: Cost–related unmet need for healthcare services in Kenya
Factors | Categories | Model 1: Outpatient | Model 2: Inpatient | Model 3: Overall | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
OR | [95% CI] | OR | [95% CI] | OR | [95% CI] | ||
Predisposing factors | |||||||
Gender | Male [RC] | ||||||
Female | 1.015 | (0.88–1.17) | 1.115 | (0.82–1.52) | 1.019 | (0.89–1.16) | |
Age group HH | Below 25 years [RC] | ||||||
25–40 years | 1.260 | (0.85–1.87) | 1.452 | (0.62–3.39) | 1.332 | (0.94–1.89) | |
40+ years | 1.926*** | (1.31–2.84) | 1.175 | (0.50–2.76) | 1.793** | (1.26–2.55) | |
Education level of HH head | None [RC] | ||||||
Primary | 1.057 | (0.66–1.69) | 0.364 | (0.11–1.21) | 0.956 | (0.62–1.46) | |
Secondary | 0.772 | (0.47–1.27) | 0.229** | (0.06–0.79) | 0.669 | (0.43–1.05) | |
Tertiary | 0.488** | (0.26–0.91) | 0.340 | (0.08–1.31) | 0.534* | (0.31–0.92) | |
Employment status | Not employed [RC] | ||||||
Employed | 1.009 | (0.83–1.22) | 0.668** | (0.45–0.98) | 0.931 | (0.79–1.10) | |
Need Factors | |||||||
Type of service | Outpatient [RC] | ||||||
Inpatient | NA | NA | 1.950*** | (1.68–2.26) | |||
Self-rated health | Poor [RC] | ||||||
Satisfactory | 1.108 | (0.89–1.37) | 0.613** | (0.41–0.92) | 0.942 | (0.79–1.13) | |
Good | 0.661*** | (0.54–0.81) | 0.348*** | (0.24–0.51) | 0.567*** | (0.48–0.67) | |
Chronic Illness | No Chronic Illness [RC] | ||||||
Chronic illness | 1.163 | (0.99–1.37) | 0.822 | (0.59–1.15) | 1.067 | (0.92–1.23) | |
Enabling factors | |||||||
Insurance status | Not insured [RC] | ||||||
Insured | 0.562*** | (0.43–0.74) | 0.346*** | (0.22–0.55) | 0.505*** | (0.40–0.64) | |
Household size | 1–3 Small [RC] | ||||||
4–6 Medium | 0.698*** | (0.59–0.82) | 0.677** | (0.46–0.99) | 0.693*** | (0.60–0.80) | |
7+ Large | 0.647*** | (0.54–0.77) | 1.192 | (0.80–1.77) | 0.717*** | (0.61–0.84) | |
Residence | Rural [RC] | ||||||
Urban | 1.280** | (1.10–1.49) | 1.358 | (0.95–1.94) | 1.259** | (1.09–1.45) | |
Wealth Index | Poorest [RC] | ||||||
Second | 0.826* | (0.69–0.98) | 0.921 | (0.63–1.30) | 0.845* | (0.72–0.99) | |
Middle | 0.643*** | (0.53–0.78) | 0.558** | (0.36–0.86) | 0.632*** | (0.53–0.75) | |
Fourth | 0.438*** | (0.34–0.56) | 0.532** | (0.33–0.85) | 0.470*** | (0.38–0.58) | |
Richest | 0.371*** | (0.26–0.53) | 0.131*** | (0.05–0.32) | 0.314*** | (0.23–0.44) | |
_cons | 0.040*** | (0.02–0.08) | 0.372 | (0.08–1.75) | 0.055*** | (0.03–0.10) | |
Random effects | /lnsig2u [County variance] | −1.113 | (−1.62--0.61) | 0.613 | (−0.01–1.24) | −1.074 | (−1.57- –0.57) |
sigma_u [Residual variance] | 0.573 | (0.45–0.74) | 1.359 | (0.99–1.85) | 0.585 | (0.45–0.75) | |
Rho [Intraclass correlation (ICC)] | 0.091 | (0.06–0.14) | 0.359 | (0.23–0.51) | 0.094 | (0.06–0.15) | |
Log likelihood | − 4513.35 | − 818.16 | −5426.35 | ||||
Wald chi2(18) | 354.35 | 129.25 | 443.84 | ||||
No. of observations | 36,783 | 4863 | 41,646 | ||||
No. of groups | 44 | 44 | 44 | ||||