Relationship of patient safety culture with factors influencing working environment such as working hours, the number of night shifts, and the number of days off among healthcare workers in Japan: a cross-sectional study

Table 5 Relationship between the working environment and patient safety culture scores in physicians^a

Response variables		Explanatory variables							AICC
		Working hours in a week		Number of night shifts in a month			Number of days off in a month
		< 60	≥60	0	1–4	≥5	≥7	≤6
	(n)	(204)	(162)	(86)	(225)	(55)	(110)	(253)
Teamwork within units	Coefficient	0.00	−0.08^b	0.00	−0.11^c	− 0.07	0.00	− 0.05	140
Supervisor or manager expectations and actions promoting patient safety		0.00	0.01	0.00	0.01	−0.03	0.00	0.03	203
Organizational learning-continuous improvement		0.00	−0.02	0.00	−0.05	−0.08	0.00	−0.02	259
Management support for patient safety		0.00	−0.13^c	0.00	−0.04	−0.06	0.00	−0.07	301
Overall perceptions of patient safety		0.00	−0.04	0.00	−0.04	−0.03	0.00	−0.06	244
Feedback and communication about error		0.00	−0.07	0.00	−0.15^c	−0.23^c	0.00	−0.05	339
Communication openness		0.00	−0.05	0.00	−0.09	−0.13	0.00	−0.01	316
Frequency of events reported		0.00	0.02	0.00	−0.14^b	−0.23^c	0.00	−0.05	377
Teamwork across units		0.00	0.02	0.00	−0.03	−0.03	0.00	0.02	301
Staffing		0.00	−0.06	0.00	0.07	0.05	0.00	−0.12^c	137
Handoffs and transitions		0.00	− 0.05	0.00	0.08	0.02	0.00	−0.06	265
Nonpunitive response to errors		0.00	−0.02	0.00	0.02	−0.02	0.00	−0.03	309
Respondents who rated patient safety grade as “very good” or “good” (vs. others)	aOR	1.00	0.55^b	1.00	0.57	0.40^b	1.00	0.75	1464
Respondents who reported one or more events (vs. none)	aOR	1.00	1.45	1.00	1.38	1.76	1.00	1.44	1500

The number of physicians who worked less than 40 h or had 10 days off or more was few, and working hours and the number of days off were divided into two groups
AICC Akaike’s Information Criterion Correction, aOR adjusted Odds Ratio, (n) Number of respondents
^aResults of the generalized linear mixed model using working hours, the number of night shifts, and the number of days off as explanatory variables
^bP < 0.05
^cP < 0.01

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