Table 2 Multivariate random-effects logistic regression models of the association between caregiver sex and OVC HIV infection in Tanzania, 2017 (n = 39,578)
Variable | ALL OVC (n = 39,578) | OVC Age group | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age 0–4 years (n = 5,217) | Age 5–9 years (n = 10,457) | Age 10–14 years (n = 12,261) | Age 15–19 years (n = 11,643) | |||||||
Odds Ratio (OR) | 95% Confidence Interval (CI) | Odds Ratio (OR) | 95% Confidence Interval (CI) | Odds Ratio (OR) | 95% Confidence Interval (CI) | Odds Ratio (OR) | 95% Confidence Interval (CI) | Odds Ratio (OR) | 95% Confidence Interval (CI) | |
OVC's caregiver sex | ||||||||||
 Female | 1.00 | — | 1.00 | — | 1.00 | — | 1.00 | — | 1.00 | — |
 Male | **1.40 | 1.08—1.83 | **4.02 | 1.61—10.03 | **1.72 | 1.02—2.93 | 1.32 | 0.83—2.10 | 1.07 | 0.68—1.68 |
Caregiver marital status | ||||||||||
 Married or living together | 1.00 | — | 1.00 | — | 1.00 | — | 1.00 | — | 1.00 | — |
 Divorced or separated | 1.05 | 0.74—1.50 | 2.22 | 0.78—6.31 | 1.52 | 0.76—3.04 | 1.09 | 0.59—2.02 | **0.51 | 0.26—0.99 |
 Never been married | **1.63 | 1.04—2.57 | 2.54 | 0.63—10.27 | 2.03 | 0.82—5.01 | 1.87 | 0.83—4.20 | 1.56 | 0.71—3.44 |
 Widowed | 1.19 | 0.91—1.54 | **2.58 | 1.07—6.26 | 1.31 | 0.77—2.22 | 1.32 | 0.84—2.10 | 0.91 | 0.59—1.42 |
Family size | ***0.82 | 0.78—0.87 | ***0.66 | 0.54—0.81 | **0.84 | 0.76—0.93 | ***0.76 | 0.69—0.84 | ***0.74 | 0.67—0.82 |
OVC sex | ||||||||||
 Female | 1.00 | — | 1.00 | — | 1.00 | — | 1.00 | — | 1.00 | — |
 Male | 0.92 | 0.79—1.08 | 0.71 | 0.39--1.29 | 0.87 | 0.60—1.26 | 0.88 | 0.63—1.22 | 0.84 | 0.60—1.16 |
OVC age group (in years) | ||||||||||
 0—4 | 1.00 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
 5—9 | **1.35 | 1.04—1.75 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
 10—14 | **1.44 | 1.11—1.86 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
 15—19 | **1.37 | 1.05—1.79 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
OVC Nutritional status (MUAC) | ||||||||||
 Green (healthy) | 1.00 | — | 1.00 | — | 1.00 | — | 1.00 | — | 1.00 | — |
 Yellow (moderately malnourished) | ***11.03 | 7.40—16.44 | ***13.24 | 3.43—51.17 | ***11.23 | 4.44—28.42 | ***32.57 | 11.67—90.88 | ***29.52 | 10.02—87.02 |
 Red (severely malnourished) | ***12.71 | 4.36—37.06 | ***147.25 | 6.91—3137.2 | 0.90 | 0.04—22.45 | **11.69 | 1.14—119.39 | ***153.22 | 13.39—1753.2 |
 Unknown | 1.23 | 0.99—1.52 | 1.57 | 0.72—3.41 | 0.97 | 0.60—1.57 | 1.20 | 0.79—1.80 | 1.16 | 0.78—1.71 |
OVC's caregiver HIV status | ||||||||||
 Negative | 1.00 | — | 1.00 | — | 1.00 | — | 1.00 | — | 1.00 | — |
 Positive | ***29.27 | 21.04—40.72 | ***51.65 | 11.07—240.9 | ***67.69 | 25.60—179.0 | ***33.74 | 15.24—74.67 | ***13.94 | 7.34—26.45 |
 Undisclosed | ***3.29 | 2.43—4.47 | 2.50 | 0.90—7.01 | ***4.10 | 2.07—8.14 | ***5.25 | 2.87—9.57 | ***3.47 | 2.03—5.95 |
Wealth Quintile | ||||||||||
 Lowest (Q1) | 1.00 | — | 1.00 | — | 1.00 | — | 1.00 | — | 1.00 | — |
 Second | 0.84 | 0.58—1.22 | 0.61 | 0.20—1.83 | 1.23 | 0.61—2.49 | 0.63 | 0.33—1.23 | 0.74 | 0.38—1.44 |
 Middle | 1.09 | 0.78—1.52 | 1.94 | 0.73—5.14 | 1.10 | 0.56—2.13 | 1.13 | 0.63—2.01 | 0.90 | 0.50—1.61 |
 Fourth | 1.29 | 0.93—1.78 | 1.10 | 0.41—2.98 | 1.68 | 0.87—3.22 | 1.41 | 0.80—2.46 | 1.04 | 0.59—1.83 |
 Highest (Q5) | **1.42 | 1.03—1.96 | 1.05 | 0.39—2.88 | 1.37 | 0.71—2.64 | 1.25 | 0.71—2.18 | 1.65 | 0.96—2.82 |
Education of the OVC's caregiver | ||||||||||
 Never attended | 1.00 | — | 1.00 | — | 1.00 | — | 1.00 | — | 1.00 | — |
 Primary | 0.78 | 0.59—1.03 | 0.71 | 0.31—1.66 | 0.59 | 0.33—1.03 | 0.86 | 0.53—1.40 | 0.88 | 0.54—1.43 |
 Secondary or higher | 0.86 | 0.46—1.60 | 0.57 | 0.08—4.17 | 0.43 | 0.11—1.63 | 0.72 | 0.22—2.35 | 1.44 | 0.51—4.01 |
Household member(s) has health insurance card | ||||||||||
 Yes | 1.00 | — | 1.00 | — | 1.00 | — | 1.00 | — | 1.00 | — |
 No | ***0.34 | 0.25—0.45 | **0.28 | 0.11—0.73 | ***0.28 | 0.15—0.52 | ***0.38 | 0.22—0.65 | ***0.29 | 0.17—0.50 |
Place of residence | ||||||||||
 Rural | 1.00 | — | 1.00 | — | 1.00 | — | 1.00 | — | 1.00 | — |
 Urban | **0.71 | 0.55—0.91 | ***0.16 | 0.06—0.43 | ***0.38 | 0.22—0.65 | 0.81 | 0.53—1.26 | **1.59 | 1.04—2.44 |
Constant | 0.0017 | 0.0009-0.0035 | 0.0009 | 0.0001-0.0172 | 0.0007 | 0.0001-0.0045 | 0.001 | 0.0002-0.0053 | 0.0028 | 0.0007-0.0113 |
rho (intraclass correlation coefficient) | 0.85 | 0.83-0.87 | 0.89 | 0.79-0.95 | 0.88 | 0.82-0.92 | 0.87 | 0.81-0.91 | 0.86 | 0.80-0.90 |
Model statistics | Number of OVC = 39,578 | Number of OVC = 5,217 | Number of OVC = 10,457 | Number of OVC = 12,261 | Number of OVC = 11,643 | |||||
Number of households = 20,082 | Number of households = 4,477 | Number of households = 8,165 | Number of households = 9,586 | Number of households = 9,011 | ||||||
OVC per household: min = 1, avg = 2, max = 9 | OVC per household: min = 1, avg = 1.2, max = 6 | OVC per household: min = 1, avg = 1.3, max = 7 | OVC per household: min = 1, avg = 1.3, max = 7 | OVC per household: min = 1, avg = 1.3, max = 6 | ||||||