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Table 1 PHQ-9 scores, sociodemographic and healthcare-related characteristics of adults in Chitwan District, Nepal, 2013

From: Healthcare utilization and out-of-pocket expenditures associated with depression in adults: a cross-sectional analysis in Nepal

 

N

Overall (%)

PHQ-9 Negative

N = 1960 (96.41%)

PHQ-9 positive

N = 80 (3.56%)

PHQ-9 Scores

2040

   

Range

 

0–24

0–9

10–24

Median (IQR)

 

2 (0–4)

2 (0–4)

11 (10–14)

Demographic Characteristics

2040

   

Mean age (SD)

 

39.77 (15.23)

39.54 (15.06)

45.87 (18.49)

Female

1336

59.75%

96.44%

3.56%

Male

704

40.25%

96.41%

3.59%

Educational Status

 Sub primary/illiterate

275

12.83

93.06%

6.94%

 Primary/literate

686

32.68

95.17%

4.82%

 Secondary or higher

1079

54.49

97.96%

2.04%

Occupation

 Agriculture, Labour or Service

1409

66.40

95.73%

4.23%

 Business and Service

302

15.46

98.15%

1.85%

 Unemployed

94

4.88

97.01%

2.93%

 Student

161

9.99

97.73%

2.27%

 Other

74

3.26

97.22%

2.78%

Relative wealth indexa

 Low

155

22.27

94.00%

6.00%

 Average

162

32.57

96.74%

3.26%

 High

161

45.16

96.92%

3.07%

Healthcare Utilizationa

479

 

399

80

Inpatient

49

   

 Percentage with any admissions

 

8.02

7.82

15.83

 Median annual number of visits (IQR)

 

0 (0–0)

0 (0–0)

0 (0–0)

Outpatient

228

   

 Percentage with any outpatient visits

 

39.99

38.83

69.70

 Median annual number of visits (IQR)

 

0 (0–8)

0 (0–4)

4 (0–8)

Total

246

   

 Percentage with any healthcare utilization

 

44.93

43.91

70.85

 Median annual number of visits (IQR)

 

1 (0–8)

0 (0–5)

4 (0–8)

Healthcare Expenditurea

479

   

Inpatient

47

   

 Percentage with any expenditure

 

99.06

99.19

97.46

 Mean annual OOP expenditure in USD (SD)

 

65.94 (766.01)

68.12 (820.59)

53.95 (194.63)

Outpatient

191

   

 Percentage with any expenditure

 

85.58

85.60

88.65

 Mean annual OOP expenditure in USD (SD)

 

44.85 (130.81)

41.44 (124.81)

63.71 (161.17)

Total

212

   

 Percentage with any expenditure

 

87.86

87.44

97.43

 Mean annual OOP expenditure in USD (SD)

 

110.80 (822.78)

109.55 (878.97)

117.66 (265.46)

  1. Demographic characteristics are presented as row percentages, while healthcare utilization and expenditure are presented as column percentages
  2. Age and OOP healthcare expenditures (US Dollars) are presented as means and standard deviations (SD), using bootstrapping techniques with 1000 bootstrap samples to estimate the SD for OOP expenditures
  3. PHQ-9 scores and number of healthcare visits are presented as medians and interquartile ranges (IQR)
  4. The percentage with any expenditure is calculated as a proportion of those who utilised inpatient or outpatient care respectively
  5. aRelative wealth index, healthcare utilization and healthcare expenditure were assessed in 479 of the total 2040 participants who answered part 2 of the survey and all percentages and means are adjusted for sampling-probability weights
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