Variables | Death per 1000 person-days | Death | P-value | Mean of total medical expenditures (USD) | P-value | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Adjusted HR | 95% CI | |||||
Health and Medication Conditions | ||||||
Category of mental disorders | < 0.0001* | |||||
  Affective disorders | 0.0617 | 1.246 | 1.180–1.316 | < 0.0001* | 15,791.06 |  |
  Anxiety disorders | 0.0335 | – | – | – | 12,618.92 |  |
  Substance use disorders | 0.0500 | 1.064 | 1.009–1.122 | 0.0231* | 13,307.55 |  |
  Schizophrenia | 0.0685 | 1.072 | 0.923–1.245 | 0.3646 | 29,748.05 |  |
  Other disorders | 0.0546 | 1.233 | 1.195–1.271 | < 0.0001* | 13,016.03 |  |
Multiple diagnoses | < 0.0001* | |||||
  Present | 0.0488 | – | – | – | 17,275.36 |  |
  Absent | 0.0421 | 1.095 | 1.062–1.130 | < 0.0001* | 16,517.29 |  |
Involuntary hospitalization | < 0.0001* | |||||
  Present | 0.0892 | – | – | – | 28,345.00 |  |
  Absent | 0.0443 | 1.417 | 0.988–2.032 | 0.0579 | 5447.64 |  |
Comorbidity (CCI) | 0.4944 | |||||
  0 | 0.0212 | – | – | – | 16,887.48 |  |
  1 | 0.0744 | 1.004 | 0.970–1.040 | 0.8134 | 16,869.13 |  |
   ≥ 2 | 0.1825 | 1.178 | 1.126–1.233 | < 0.0001* | 16,932.35 |  |
Use of psychiatric medication | < 0.0001* | |||||
  Mood stabilizer | 0.0503 | 1.061 | 1.025–1.098 | 0.0007* | 16,743.08 |  |
  Antidepressants | 0.0365 | 1.057 | 0.968–1.153 | 0.2169 | 16,357.20 |  |
  Antipsychotics | 0.0579 | 1.237 | 1.152–1.330 | < 0.0001* | 16,591.78 |  |
  Multiple categories | 0.0763 | – | – | – | 18,354.09 |  |
  None | 0.0274 | 1.213 | 1.166–1.261 | < 0.0001* | 16,435.46 |  |
Demographics | ||||||
Gender | < 0.0001* | |||||
  Male | 0.0578 | 1.039 | 1.009–1.069 | 0.0104* | 17,058.96 |  |
  Female | 0.0333 | – | – | – | 16,733.68 |  |
Age (years) | < 0.0001* | |||||
   < 19 | 0.0035 | – | – | – | 16,905.26 |  |
  20–34 | 0.0105 | 1.760 | 1.460–2.122 | < 0.0001* | 16,768.65 |  |
  35–49 | 0.0187 | 2.143 | 1.789–2.567 | < 0.0001* | 16,892.76 |  |
  50–64 | 0.0238 | 1.915 | 1.598–2.294 | < 0.0001* | 16,847.92 |  |
   ≥ 65 | 0.1458 | 1.809 | 1.514–2.162 | < 0.0001* | 17,067.00 |  |
Occupationa | < 0.0001* | |||||
  First category | 0.0327 | 1.073 | 1.021–1.127 | 0.0053* | 16,757.76 |  |
  Second category | 0.0318 | – | – | – | 16,719.60 |  |
  Third category | 0.0847 | 1.066 | 1.011–1.124 | 0.0180* | 16,749.59 |  |
  Fourth category | 0.0338 | 1.058 | 0.817–1.371 | 0.6670 | 16,464.26 |  |
  Fifth category | 0.1031 | 1.193 | 1.029–1.382 | 0.0190* | 17,809.09 |  |
  Sixth category | 0.0814 | 1.065 | 1.003–1.130 | 0.0400* | 16,877.63 |  |
Premium-based monthly salary (USD) | < 0.0001* | |||||
   ≤ 576 | 0.0407 | 1.095 | 0.987–1.214 | 0.0857 | 17,166.44 |  |
  576–760 | 0.0622 | 1.079 | 0.967–1.205 | 0.1755 | 17,050.43 |  |
  760–960 | 0.0277 | 1.185 | 1.038–1.352 | 0.0119* | 16,888.68 |  |
  960–1210 | 0.0322 | 1.064 | 0.938–1.208 | 0.3322 | 16,879.77 |  |
  1210–1526 | 0.0264 | 1.024 | 0.895–1.171 | 0.7319 | 16,713.87 |  |
  > 1526 | 0.0198 | – | – | – | 16,678.74 |  |
Provider Features | ||||||
Level of hospital | < 0.0001* | |||||
  Medical center | 0.0478 | 1.123 | 1.068–1.181 | < 0.0001* | 17,468.25 |  |
  Regional hospital | 0.0550 | 1.200 | 1.146–1.256 | < 0.0001* | 17,110.40 |  |
  District hospital | 0.0644 | 1.101 | 1.056–1.148 | < 0.0001* | 16,871.55 |  |
  Clinic | 0.0295 | – | – | – | 16,135.08 |  |
Ownership of Hospital | < 0.0001* | |||||
  Public | 0.0625 | 1.013 | 0.972–1.056 | 0.5297 | 17,341.45 |  |
  Private | 0.0359 | – | – | – | 16,581.21 |  |
  Consortium | 0.0464 | 1.012 | 0.968–1.058 | 0.6082 | 16,605.31 |  |
 Association | 0.0669 | 1.139 | 1.044–1.243 | 0.0035* | 17,057.32 |  |
Psychiatrist’s year of practice | < 0.0001* | |||||
   ≤ 5 | 0.0484 | 1.709 | 1.629–1.793 | < 0.0001* | 16,838.19 |  |
  6–10 | 0.0436 | 1.237 | 1.193–1.283 | < 0.0001* | 16,843.31 |  |
  11–15 | 0.0445 | 1.020 | 0.980–1.062 | 0.3206 | 16,938.61 |  |
   ≥ 16 | 0.0423 | – | – | – | 16,965.18 |  |
Geographic Characteristics | ||||||
Region | 0.1356 | |||||
  Taipei | 0.0388 | – | – | – | 16,906.41 |  |
  Northern | 0.0455 | 1.009 | 0.959–1.062 | 0.7265 | 16,897.61 |  |
  Central | 0.0433 | 1.028 | 0.982–1.076 | 0.2401 | 16,819.57 |  |
  Southern | 0.0516 | 1.087 | 1.036–1.142 | 0.0008* | 16,891.88 |  |
  Southeast | 0.0480 | 1.014 | 0.970–1.061 | 0.5367 | 16,878.81 |  |
  Eastern | 0.0617 | 1.141 | 1.043–1.247 | 0.0038* | 16,983.65 |  |
Urbanization level | 0.7318 | |||||
  Level 1 (Highest) | 0.0361 | 1.063 | 0.976–1.158 | 0.1597 | 16,906.04 |  |
  Level 2 | 0.0405 | 1.080 | 0.996–1.171 | 0.0636 | 16,912.38 |  |
  Level 3 | 0.0435 | 1.069 | 0.984–1.161 | 0.1131 | 16,921.85 |  |
  Level 4 | 0.0541 | 1.050 | 0.970–1.136 | 0.2301 | 16,851.65 |  |
  Level 5 | 0.0688 | – | – | – | 16,928.21 |  |
  Level 6 | 0.0730 | 1.081 | 0.989–1.182 | 0.0855 | 16,872.15 |  |
  Level 7 (Lowest) | 0.0645 | 1.114 | 1.013–1.224 | 0.0264* | 16,881.97 |  |