Psychosocial working conditions | Interpretation (0=minimum value, 100=maximum value) | Mean (SD) (nurses=564) | Mean (SD) (physicians=380) | (df) t-value1 | dCohen |
Copenhagen Psychosocial Questionnaire (COPSOQ) | |||||
Quantitative demands | high=negative | 66.5 (13.5) | 71.9 (13.9) | (942) -5.974* | 0.40 |
Emotional demands | high=negative | 64.4 (18.3) | 64.6 (16.5) | (866) -0.206 | 0.01 |
Work-privacy-conflict | high=negative | 61.3 (24.4) | 68.7 (25.1) | (942) -4.497* | 0.30 |
Influence at work | high=positive | 36.3 (17.3) | 38.8 (20.8) | (710) -2.006* | 0.13 |
Degree of freedom at work | high=positive | 36.0 (15.9) | 46.2 (20.0) | (687) -8.373* | 0.58 |
Possibilities for development | high=positive | 71.6 (15.7) | 79.6 (14.2) | (942) -8.032* | 0.53 |
Meaning of work | high=positive | 77.7 (16.6) | 82.9 (16.1) | (942) -4.753* | 0.32 |
Workplace commitment | high=positive | 48.4 (18.8) | 61.3 (19.2) | (942) -10.220* | 0.68 |
Predictability | high=positive | 53.3 (16.4) | 52.5 (19.3) | (720) 0.710 | -0.05 |
Role clarity | high=positive | 73.5 (14.5) | 72.5 (16.5) | (740) 1.027 | -0.07 |
Role conflicts | high=negative | 50.6 (17.2) | 45.1 (18.4) | (942) 4.611* | -0.31 |
Feedback | high=positive | 41.9 (21.0) | 41.0 (21.5) | (942) 0.632 | -0.04 |
Social support | high=positive | 66.7 (17.0) | 64.2 (17.0) | (942) 2.169* | -0.15 |
Social relations | high=positive | 55.5 (20.2) | 54.8 (20.7) | (942) 0.512 | -0.03 |
Sense of community | high=positive | 77.8 (15.2) | 76.7 (15.1) | (942) 1.096 | -0.07 |
Outcome scale – Copenhagen Psychosocial Questionnaire (COPSOQ) | |||||
Job satisfaction | high=positive | 67.5 (10.2) | 73.4 (12.0) | (942) -8.135* | 0.54 |
Outcome scale – Copenhagen Burnout Inventory (CBI, adapted client-related burnout) | |||||
Patient related burnout | high=negative | 36.5 (17.6) | 28.0 (16.5) | (942) 7.464* | -0.50 |
Leadership | Interpretation (0/1=minimum value, 100/5=maximum value) | Mean (SD) (nurses=543) | Mean (SD) (physicians=369) | (df) t-value1 | dCohen |
Transformational Leadership Inventory (TLI short) | |||||
Transformational leadership | 5=positive | 3.1 (0.8) | 3.2 (0.8) | (910) -1.605 | 0.13 |
Copenhagen Psychosocial Questionnaire (COPSOQ) | |||||
Quality of leadership | high=positive | 53.8 (22.7) | 49.2 (22.9) | (910) 3.031* | -0.20 |
Patient safety climate | Interpretation (1=minimum value, 5=maximum value) | Mean (SD) (nurses=558) | Mean (SD) (physicians=373) | (df) t-value1 | dCohen |
Hospital Survey on Patient Safety Culture (HSPSC-D) | |||||
Staffing | 5=positive | 2.4 (0.8) | 2.8 (0.8) | (929) -7.721* | 0.50 |
Organizational learning | 5=positive | 3.0 (0.7) | 3.1 (0.7) | (762) -1.366 | 0.14 |
Communication openness | 5=positive | 3.7 (0.6) | 3.4 (0.7) | (758) 6.010* | -0.47 |
Feedback & communication about error | 5=positive | 3.4 (0.8) | 3.3 (0.9) | (929) 1.519 | -0.12 |
Nonpunitive response to error | 5=positive | 3.3 (0.8) | 3.5 (0.8) | (929) -3.746* | 0.25 |
Teamwork within units | 5=positive | 3.3 (0.6) | 3.4 (0.6) | (929) -1.326 | 0.17 |
Teamwork across units | 5=positive | 3.0 (0.6) | 3.1 (0.7) | (698) -3.316* | 0.16 |
Handoffs & transitions | 5=positive | 3.2 (0.6) | 2.9 (0.7) | (713) 5.702* | -0.47 |
Supervisor/ manager expectations | 5=positive | 3.4 (0.7) | 3.3 (0.7) | (929) 1.020 | -0.14 |
Management support for patient safety | 5=positive | 2.6 (0.8) | 3.0 (0.8) | (929) -5.797* | 0.50 |
Outcome scales – Hospital Survey on Patient Safety Culture (HSPSC-D) | |||||
Frequency of event reported | 5=positive | 3.0 (1.1) | 2.9 (0.9) | (874) 1.053 | -0.10 |
Overall perceptions of patient safety | 5=positive | 2.9 (0.7) | 3.3 (0.8) | (929) -7.782* | 0.54 |
Patient safety grade | 1=positive | 2.9 (0.8) | 2.6 (0.7) | (929) 7.456* | -0.39 |
Safety grade in the medication process | 1=positive | 3.0 (0.8) | 2.8 (0.7) | (831) 5.065* | -0.26 |
Patient safety climate | Interpretation (1=minimum value, 5=maximum value) | Mean (SD) (nurses=543) | Mean (SD) (physicians=369) | (df) t-value1 | dCohen |
TWINS Patient Safety | |||||
Supervisor support for patient safety | 5=positive | 3.4 (0.8) | 3.5 (0.7) | (910) -1.996* | 0.13 |
My direct supervisor openly addresses problems concerning patient safety in our hospital | 5=positive | 3.3 (0.9) | 3.3 (1.0) | (729) -0.865 | 0.00 |
My direct supervisor focuses more on patient safety than a year ago | 5=positive | 2.8 (0.9) | 2.8 (1.0) | (735) -0.027 | 0.00 |
It is important to my direct supervisor that our hospital pays great attention to patient safety | 5=positive | 3.4 (0.9) | 3.5 (0.9) | (910) -1.509 | 0.11 |
Hospital management openly addresses problems concerning patient safety in our hospital | 5=positive | 2.7 (0.8) | 3.0 (0.9) | (910) -4.188* | 0.36 |
Hospital management focuses more on patient safety than a year ago | 5=positive | 2.7 (0.9) | 2.8 (0.9) | (910) -2.758* | 0.11 |
It is important to the Hospital management that our hospital pays great attention to patient safety | 5=positive | 3.0 (1.0) | 3.2 (1.0) | (784) -3.698* | 0.20 |
Do you have an individual influence on how well patient safety is implemented at the workplace | 1=positive | 3.2 (0.9) | 2.9 (1.0) | (910) 4.558* | -0.32 |
Occupational safety climate | Interpretation (1=minimum value, 5=maximum value) | Mean (SD) (nurses=543) | Mean (SD) (physicians=369) | (df) t-value1 | dCohen |
TWINS Occupational Safety | |||||
Supervisor support for occupational safety | 5=positive | 3.5 (0.8) | 3.4 (0.8) | (910) 1.050 | -0.13 |
My direct supervisor openly addresses problems concerning occupational safety in our hospital | 5=positive | 3.2 (0.9) | 3.2 (0.9) | (910) 0.869 | 0.00 |
My direct supervisor focuses more on occupational safety than a year ago | 5=positive | 2.8 (0.9) | 2.7 (0.9) | (910) 0.628 | -0.11 |
It is important to my direct supervisor that our hospital pays great attention to occupational safety | 5=positive | 3.3 (0.9) | 3.2 (1.0) | (910) 2.299* | -0.11 |
Hospital management openly addresses problems concerning occupational safety in our hospital | 5=positive | 2.9 (0.9) | 3.1 (0.9) | (910) -3.337* | 0.22 |
Hospital management focuses more on occupational safety than a year ago | 5=positive | 2.7 (0.9) | 2.8 (0.9) | (910) -1.936 | 0.11 |
It is important to the Hospital management that our hospital pays great attention to occupational safety | 5=positive | 2.9 (0.9) | 3.1 (1.0) | (766) -2.720* | 0.21 |
Do you have an individual influence on how well occupational safety is implemented at the workplace | 1=positive | 3.3 (0.9) | 3.3 (1.0) | (910) 0.893 | 0.00 |
Occupational safety climate | Interpretation (1=minimum value, 5=maximum value) | Mean (SD) (nurses=560) | Mean (SD) (physicians=372) | (df) t-value1 | dCohen |
Outcome scales – self constructed indices | |||||
Subjective assessment of specific protective measures (behaviour & regulations) related to infectious diseases | 1=positive | 1.8 (0.6) | 1.8 (0.6) | (930) -1.132 | 0.00 |
Subjective assessment of occupational safety measures initiated by the employer, related to own safety | 1=positive | 1.7 (0.6) | 2.0 (0.6) | (930) -8.328* | 0.50 |
Personal perception of the frequency of occupational risks | 5=positive | 3.2 (0.8) | 3.5 (0.7) | (853) -5.608* | 0.39 |