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Table 3 Sample characteristics, fourth and fifth waves (no. (%), mean (95% CI))

From: Investigating the causal effect of socioeconomic status on quality of care under a universal health insurance system - a marginal structural model approach

 

Fourth Wave (2012)

Fifth Wave (2015)

Low income

High income

P value

Low income

High income

P value

(32–650 USD)

(650–5966 USD)

(37–694 USD)

(694–6125 USD)

N

661,473

1,983,195

 

633,181

1,905,065

 

Place of residence

 Urban

407,621 (61.6%)

1,192,881 (60.1%)

<.001

388,749 (61.4%)

1,141,552 (59.9%)

<.001

 Suburban

209,417 (31.7%)

592,433 (29.9%)

201,148 (31.8%)

576,237 (30.2%)

 Rural

44,435 (6.7%)

197,881 (10.0%)

43,284 (6.8%)

187,276 (9.8%)

Occupation categorya

 1

141,949 (21.5%)

344,832 (17.4%)

<.001

146,710 (23.2%)

394,423 (20.7%)

<.001

 2

154,881 (23.4%)

803,378 (40.5%)

135,848 (21.5%)

763,839 (40.1%)

 3

15,196 (2.3%)

445,780 (22.5%)

10,742 (1.7%)

389,919 (20.5%)

 4

3676 (0.6%)

384,836 (19.4%)

3134 (0.5%)

354,372 (18.6%)

 5

23,255 (3.5%)

22 (0.0%)

25,266 (4.0%)

8 (0.0%)

 6

322,516 (48.8%)

4347 (0.2%)

311,481 (49.2%)

2504 (0.1%)

Elixhauser comorbidity index

 0

436,629 (66.0%)

1,405,986 (70.9%)

<.001

406,967 (64.3%)

1,333,529 (70.0%)

<.001

 1–3

221,470 (33.5%)

572,353 (28.9%)

223,665 (35.3%)

567,905 (29.8%)

  ≥ 4

3374 (0.5%)

4856 (0.2%)

2549 (0.4%)

3631 (0.2%)

 Outpatient visitsb

12.30 (12.27–12.33)

11.59 (11.57–11.60)

<.001

12.43 (12.41–12.46)

11.61 (11.60–11.62)

<.001

 Inpatient staysb

0.126 (0.125–0.127)

0.099 (0.098–0.099)

<.001

0.121 (0.121–0.122)

0.097 (0.096–0.097)

<.001

 Physician density of residenceb

1.901 (1.897–1.904)

1.955 (1.952–1.957)

<.001

1.976 (1.972–1.980)

2.018 (2.015–2.020)

<.001

  1. a Category 1 = civil servants, full-time or regularly paid personnel in governmental agencies and public schools, 2 = employees of privately owned enterprises or institutions, 3 = self-employed, other employees or paid personnel, and members of farmer and fishermen associations, 4 = military personnel, military school students, bereaved families of deceased military personnel, public service in lieu of military service, 5 = low-income citizens, 6 = veterans and dependents, and citizens without a fixed profession from other areas
  2. b Number per 1000 patients