Table 1 Participant demographic, medical history, and lifestyle behavior characteristics (N = 225)
Demographic Variable | Intervention | Control | Total | p |
|---|---|---|---|---|
n = 117 (52%) | n = 108(48%) | N = 225 | ||
Age (mean ± SD) | 57.4 ± 13.4 | 61.9 ± 12.4 | 59.6 ± 13.1 | 0.01* |
Gender (n, %) | 0.85 | |||
Male | 60(51.3%) | 54(50%) | 114(50.7%) | |
Female | 57(48.7%) | 54(50%) | 111(49.3%) | |
Occupation (n, %) | 0.45 | |||
Full time | 26(22.2%) | 19(17.6%) | 45(20%) | |
Part time | 3(2.6%) | 6(5.6%) | 9(4%) | |
Unemployed | 65(55.6%) | 74(68.5%) | 139(61.8%) | |
Self-employed | 8(6.8%) | 2(1.9%) | 10(4.4%) | |
Others | 15(12.8%) | 7(6.4%) | 22(9.8%) | |
Education Level (n, %) | 0.65 | |||
No or primary | 41(35.0%) | 36(33.4%) | 77(34.2%) | |
Secondary | 47(40.2%) | 52(58.1%) | 99(44%) | |
Tertiary | 29(24.8%) | 20(18.5%) | 49(21.8%) | |
Duration of T2DM in years (mean ± SD) | 6.8 ± 5.7 | 7.9 ± 6.7 | 7.3 ± 6.2 | 0.22 |
BP (mean ± SD) | ||||
Systolic BP(mmHg) | 122.8 ± 16.8 | 125.7 ± 17.3 | 124.2 ± 17.1 | 0.21 |
Diastolic BP(mmHg) | 73.7 ± 9.9 | 78.2 ± 9.5 | 75.8 ± 10.0 | 0.00* |
BMI (mean ± SD) | 24.6 ± 3.6 | 24.2 ± 4.2 | 24.4 ± 3.9 | 0.39 |
Waist (cm) (mean ± SD) | 87.7 ± 14.0 | 86.9 ± 10.8 | 87.3 ± 12.6 | 0.63 |
PHQ-2 (mean ± SD) | 1.04 ± 1.69 | 0.97 ± 1.31 | 1.0 1 ± 1.52 | 0.73 |
Comorbid conditions (n, %) | 0.15 | |||
None | 40(34.2%) | 18(16.7%) | 58(25.8%) | 0.05* |
Cardiovascular disease | 41(35.0%) | 38(35.2%) | 79(35.1%) | 0.93 |
Non-Cardiovascular disease | 36(30.8%) | 52(48.1%) | 88(39.1%) | 0.14 |
Smoking | ||||
Smoker (n, %) | 11(9.4%) | 13(12.0%) | 24(10.7%) | 0.52 |
Cigarettes per day (mean ± SD) | 13.7 ± 9.5 | 8.7 ± 5.8 | 11.2 ± 8.1 | 0.13 |
Alcohol | ||||
Drinker (n, %) | 20(17.1%) | 14(13.0%) | 34(15.1%) | 0.39 |
Units per day (mean ± SD) | 1.7 ± 1.9 | 2.7 ± 3.2 | 2.2 ± 2.7 | 0.30 |
Exercise (Moderate to Intensive) | 0.40 | |||
Less than 15 days per month (n, %) | 60(51.3%) | 41(38.0%) | 101(44.9%) | 0.07 |
15 days per month or above (n, %) | 57(48.7%) | 67(62.0%) | 124(55.1%) | 0.12 |