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Table 2 Use of Hospital Care in Intervention Plans that Replaced a Hospital Deductible with a Per-diem Copayment Compared to Concurrent Trends in Matched Control Plans that Maintained a Hospital Deductible

From: Association of daily copayments with use of hospital care among medicare advantage enrollees

 

Intervention Plans

Control Plans

Difference- in-Difference Estimates

Year Before Benefit Change

Year After Benefit Change

Year Before Intervention Plan Changes

Year After Intervention Plan Changes

Unadjusted

Adjusted

Beneficiaries enrolled for full 12 months in either year

 Inpatient admissions per 100 enrollees

20.0

19.6

19.7

20.8

−1.4*** (−1.8 to −0.9)

−0.9** (− 1.4 to − 0.3)

 Inpatient days per 100 enrollees

87.0

86.9

81.9

88.2

−6.3*** (−9.3 to −3.3)

−4.2* (−7.9 to − 0.5)

 Proportion hospitalized (%)

13.9

13.5

13.9

14.4

−1.0*** (− 1.3 to − 0.7)

− 0.5** (− 0.9 to − 0.1)

 Mean inpatient length of stay

4.0

4.1

4.0

4.0

0.0 (− 0.1 to 0.1)

0.0 (− 0.1 to 0.2)

Beneficiaries enrolled for full 24 months in same plan

 Inpatient admissions per 100 enrollees

24.4

29.2

24.0

29.7

−0.9** (−1.4 to − 0.4)

−0.6 (− 1.2 to 0.0)

 Inpatient days per 100 enrollees

122.8

154.4

117.8

152.0

−2.6 (−6.0 to 0.8)

−2.0 (− 6.3 to 2.4)

 Proportion hospitalized (%)

10.9

13.3

10.8

13.9

−0.6** (− 0.9 to − 0.3)

−0.3* (− 0.7 to 0.0)

 Average inpatient length of stay

4.5

5.0

4.5

4.9

0.1 (−0.0 to 0.2)

0.0 (−0.1 to 0.1)

Beneficiaries enrolled for any amount of time

 Inpatient admissions per 100 enrollees

28.5

28.2

28.8

30.0

−1.5*** (−2.0 to − 1.0)

−0.9** (− 1.5 to − 0.4)

 Inpatient days per 100 enrollees

153.2

154.2

150.7

158.3

−6.6*** (− 10.0 to −3.2)

−3.6 (−7.7 to 0.6)

 Proportion hospitalized (%)

12.2

11.8

12.5

13.2

−1.1*** (− 1.4 to −0.8)

−0.5** (− 0.9 to − 0.2)

 Average inpatient length of stay

4.9

5.0

4.9

4.9

0.0 (−0.1 to 0.1)

0.0 (0.0 to 0.1)

  1. Note: All values are unadjusted, except those in the final column
  2. *** p < .0001, ** p < .01, * p < .05