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Table 2 Descriptive analysis and ceiling and floor effects of PRIME-Tool survey items for 2016 and 2017

From: Preliminary validation of the PRImary care facility Management Evaluation tool (PRIME-Tool), a national facility management survey implemented in Ghana

Item

#

Items listed by original hypothesized domain

Variable type1

2016

N = 142

2017

N = 148

Difference in means between years

Mean2

(Scale: 0 to 1)

% at

Floor3

% at ceiling3

Mean2

(Scale: 0 to 1)

% at

floor3

% at ceiling3

Absolute

(Scale: 0 to 1)

Percentage points (%)

Target setting

1

Measures coverage of key population indicators

Y/N

0.92

8.50

91.50

0.84

15.54

84.46

−0.08

−8.70

2

Has one comprehensive annual budget for running costs

Y/N

0.71

28.87

71.13

0.76

23.60

76.40

+ 0.05

7.04

3

Reports accountability for health outcomes of a group of people

Y/N

0.59

40.80

59.20

0.52

47.97

52.03

−0.07

−11.86

4

Has formal goals and priorities for service delivery

Y/N

4 items not included in 2016

0.95

4.73

95.27

–

–

5

Has formal improvement targets to achieve service delivery goals

Y/N

0.45

54.73

45.27

–

–

6

Formal improvement targets for service delivery shared with staff

Y/N

0.89

11.49

88.51

–

–

7

Burden of target achievement evenly distributed to facility staff (SD)

Ord.

0.78 (0.19)

0.00

29.73

–

–

Operations

8

Hand washing area with soap and water available (SD)

Ord.

0.95 (0.22)

4.90

93.66

0.96 (0.17)

2.70

93.92

+ 0.01

1.05

9

Health worker present or on call in the facility 24 h a day

Y/N

0.92

8.45

91.55

0.89

10.81

89.19

−0.03

−3.26

10

Open every day

Y/N

0.85

14.79

85.21

0.90

10.14

89.86

+ 0.05

5.88

11

Facility head has received any formal management training

Y/N

0.76

23.94

76.06

0.85

14.86

85.14

+ 0.09

11.84

12

User fees displayed (SD)

Ord.

0.45 (0.50)

54.93

18.31

0.24 (0.38)

66.89

15.54

−0.21

−46.67

13

Proportion of time facility head spent on managerial activities the previous day (SD)

Cont.

0.43 (0.24)

9.90

1.40

0.39 (0.26)

12.16

3.38

−0.04

−9.30

Human resources

14

Staff are offered training to improve their skills

Y/N

0.99

1.41

98.59

0.99

0.68

99.32

0.00

0.00

15

Supervisors have held individual meetings to review staff performance

Y/N

0.95

4.93

95.07

0.95

4.73

95.27

0.00

0.00

16

Has established criteria to evaluate staff performance

Y/N

0.82

17.61

82.39

0.96

4.05

95.95

+ 0.14

17.07

17

Has formal, supportive, and continuous supervision system (SD)

Ord.

0.79 (0.29)

4.90

58.45

0.89 (0.22)

1.40

77.03

+ 0.10

12.66

18

Perceived ability of staff to carry out assignments of daily work (SD)

Ord.

2 items not included in 2016

0.82 (0.21)

2.70

41.90

–

–

19

Staff encouraged to share new ideas to management (SD)

Ord.

0.88 (0.14)

0.00

54.10

–

–

Monitoring

20

Maintains books to track revenue and expenditure (SD)

Ord.

0.97 (0.17)

2.80

54.23

0.82 (0.26)

2.03

66.90

−0.15

−15.46

21

Conducts quality improvement activities

Y/N

0.94

6.34

93.66

0.95

4.73

95.27

+ 0.01

1.06

22

Held meetings to discuss routine service statistics with staff

Y/N

0.94

5.63

94.37

0.95

5.41

94.59

+ 0.01

1.06

23

Has mechanism to report new disease outbreaks

Y/N

0.93

7.04

92.96

0.97

2.70

97.30

+ 0.04

4.30

24

Extent to which data to monitor & improve service delivery is valued (SD)

Ord.

0.88 (0.19)

2.10

61.97

0.89 (0.14)

0.00

59.46

+ 0.01

1.14

25

Tracks common conditions

Y/N

0.88

11.97

88.03

0.91

8.78

91.22

+ 0.03

3.41

26

Reports client opinions using any available tool

Y/N

0.54

45.77

54.23

0.54

46.00

54.00

0.00

0.00

27

Regularly receives reports tracking common conditions with results shared with staff (SD)

Ord.

0.41 (0.21)

7.70

2.11

0.40 (0.16)

2.70

1.40

−0.01

−2.44

28

Conducts formal case reviews for quality (SD)

Ord.

Item not included in 2016

0.64 (0.35)

18.24

26.40

–

–

Community engagement

29

Collects client opinions using any tool

Y/N

0.95

4.93

95.07

0.98

2.03

97.97

+ 0.03

3.16

30

Shared information on performance with the community in the past 12 months

Y/N

0.78

21.83

78.17

0.84

16.22

83.78

+ 0.08

10.26

31

Patients’ opinions drive change or improvement (SD)

Ord.

0.67 (0.20)

0.70

14.79

0.66 (0.20)

0.68

12.80

−0.01

−1.49

32

Made changes based on client opinion in the last 12 months

Y/N

0.64

35.92

64.08

0.57

43.24

56.76

−0.07

−10.94

33

Has a community advisory board that meets regularly, and facility follows up on board discussions (SD)

Ord.

0.52 (0.49)

45.07

49.30

0.65 (0.46)

31.76

61.49

+ 0.13

25.00

34

Has a community member regularly attending staff meetings

Y/N

0.31

69.01

30.99

0.34

66.20

33.80

+ 0.03

9.68

  1. 1 Y/N - Binary yes/no variable; Ord. Ordinal variable; Cont. Continuous variable
  2. 2 For yes/no variables, the mean is the proportion of facilities that answered yes.
  3. 3 Numbers in bold indicate potential ceiling or floor effects (above 80% for yes/no variables and above 15% for ordinal and continuous variables)