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Table 3 Unit-level organizational change and sickness absence – multilevel random effects analyses

From: Organizational change and the risk of sickness absence: a longitudinal multilevel analysis of organizational unit-level change in hospitals

Change type

Model 1a

Model 2b

Short-term SA

Long-term SA

Short-term SA

Long-term SA

(<=8 days)

(>=9 days)

(<=8 days)

(>=9 days)

OR

95% CI

OR

95% CI

OR

95% CI

OR

95% CI

Unit-level upsizing next quarter

1.01

(0.95–1.07) ns

1.001

(0.92–1.09) ns

1.02

(0.96–1.08) ns

1.02

(0.94–1.12) ns

Unit-level upsizing this quarter

0.75

(0.72–0.79) ***

0.83

(0.78–0.89) ***

0.77

(0.73–0.80) ***

0.89

(0.83–0.95) **

Unit-level upsizing previous quarter

0.83

(0.80–0.87) ***

0.83

(0.77–0.89) ***

0.85

(0.81–0.89) ***

0.88

(0.82–0.94) ***

Unit-level downsizing next quarter

0.65

(0.62–0.68) ***

0.92

(0.86–0.98) **

0.67

(0.64–0.69) ***

0.96

(0.91–1.03) ns

Unit-level downsizing this quarter

1.11

(1.06–1.16) ***

0.92

(0.86–0.98) ns

1.11

(1.06–1.16) ***

0.94

(0.88–1.01) ns

Unit-level downsizing previous quarter

1.20

(1.14–1.27) ***

1.01

(0.93–1.09) ns

1.22

(1.15–1.29) ***

1.04

(0.96–1.13) ns

Unit-level merger next quarter

0.87

(0.77–0.99) ns

0.86

(0.72–1.03) ns

0.86

(0.76–0.97) ns

0.89

(0.74–1.06) ns

Unit-level merger this quarter

1.12

(1.01–1.24) ns

1.10

(0.96–1.27) ns

1.11

(1.01–1.23) ns

1.14

(0.99–1.31) ns

Unit-level merger previous quarter

0.97

(0.88–1.07) ns

0.92

(0.79–1.06) ns

0.97

(0.87–1.07) ns

0.95

(0.82–1.10) ns

Unit-level spin-off next quarter

0.94

(0.78–1.13) ns

0.87

(0.67–1.14) ns

0.94

(0.78–1.12) ns

0.89

(0.68–1.15) ns

Unit-level spin-off this quarter

1.09

(0.93–1.27) ns

1.007

(0.80–1.25) ns

1.08

(0.92–1.26) ns

1.01

(0.80–1.26) ns

Unit-level spin-off previous quarter

1.05

(0.89–1.23) ns

0.72

(0.56–0.93) ns

1.04

(0.88–1.22) ns

0.72

(0.56–0.93) ns

Unit-level outsourcing next quarter

0.37

(0.27–0.51) ***

0.49

(0.30–0.80) **

0.36

(0.27–0.50) ***

0.51

(0.32–0.83) **

Unit-level insourcing this quarter

0.17

(0.07–0.42) ***

0.44 c

(0.12–1.51) ns

0.15

(0.06–0.37) ***

0.44

(0.13–1.50) ns

Unit-level insourcing previous quarter

0.48

(0.29–0.79) **

0.40 c

(0.15–1.03) ns

0.46

(0.28–0.75) **

0.46

(0.18–1.19) ns

  1. Multilevel random effects logistic regression with short- and long-term sickness absence as outcome variables. Employee-quarters nested within employees, employees nested within units and units nested within departments
  2. Significance: the level of statistical significance was set to p < .01. In the table, ** = p < .01; *** = p < .001
  3. Abbreviations: SA sickness absence, OR odds ratio, CI 95% confidence intervals, ns not significant
  4. N Upsizing 24,688 (313,056 observations); N Downsizing 24,838 (314,053); N Merger 24,165 (296,376); N Spin-off 24,084 (294,466); N Outsourcing 24,094 (293,352); N Insourcing 24,093 (293,310)
  5. a Control variables not included
  6. b Control variables included
  7. c The results are calculated with the restriction “iterate (10)” to make converging possible with three random intercepts. The results are similar to those with two random intercepts (employee and work-unit) and without the iterate restriction