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Table 5 Differences in average quality dimension (QD) and thematic category scores, expressed as percentages of maximum achievable scores, according to year, while the variable council was set as a random effect

From: Towards improved health service quality in Tanzania: contribution of a supportive supervision approach to increased quality of primary healthcare

Performance by quality dimension (QD)

 

Overall

QD 1

QD 2

QD 3

QD 4

QD 5

QD 6

 2012

3.0**

−2.9*

1.3

− 1.2

5.9***

10.6***

1.9

 2013

6.2***

− 0.9

5.4*

2.4

6.7***

15.8***

5.2***

 2014

8.0***

3.9**

3.7(58)°

6.2***

9.9***

14.6***

7.3***

 Constant

61.6***

72.5***

52.4***

72.3***

66.3***

31.5***

77.4***

QD1: Physical environment and equipment by thematic category and responsible health system level

 

QD 1.1, (l)

QD 1.1, (l/c)

QD 1.1, (c)

QD 1.2, (l/c/n)

    

 2012

−7.9**

−5.7*

−2.2

− 0.2

    

 2013

0.7

− 0.2

− 1.3

− 2.1

    

 2014

6.0**

5.7*

4.4

1.9

    

 Constant

67.4***

70.0***

50.3***

79.3***

    

QD 2: Job expectations by thematic category and responsible health system level

 

QD2.1, (l)

QD 2.2, (l/c)

QD2.3, (c)

     

 2012

−2.3

0.2

15.7***

     

 2013

1.1

5.4*

7.1

     

 2014

0.4

4.9*

−11.3**

     

 Constant

97.8***

49.1***

54.6***#i

     

QD 3: Professional knowledge, skills and ethics by thematic category and responsible health system level

 

QD 3.1, (l)

QD 3.2, (l)

QD 3.3, (l)

QD 3.4, (l)

QD 3.5, (l)

   

 2012

−7.0***

−4.3

4.3*

−4.8

15.6***

   

 2013

−3.5*

4.4

2.2

2.4

16.0***

   

 2014

4.4**

7.3**

4.1*

2.2

20.1***

   

 Constant

78.2***

67.0***

81.7***

66.2***#ii

76.3***

   

QD 4: Management and administration by thematic category and responsible health system level

 

QD 4.1, (l)

QD 4.2, (l/c)

QD 4.3, (c)

QD 4.4, (c/n)

QD 4.5, (l/c/n)

   

 2012

−0.6

14.1***

−9.4*

−1.6

8.2***

   

 2013

3.5

15.1***

2.8

−3.6

7.1***

   

 2014

11.6***

16.9***

5.5

6.1

8.1***

   

 Constant

53.8***#iii

55.2***

84.7***

27.9***#iv

75.7***

   

QD 5: Staff motivation by thematic category and responsible health system level

 

QD 5.1, (l)

QD 5.2, (l/c)

QD 5.3, (c)

QD 5.4, (c/n)

QD 5.5, (c/n)

QD 5.6, (n)

  

 2012

7.2

2.4

8.7**

13.1***

10.0***

12.3***

  

 2013

10.9**

4.2#v

18.6***

12.6***

16.9***

14.4***

  

 2014

15.7***

7.5**

18.9***

9.2**

15.1***

21.1***

  

 Constant

59.8***

7.4**#vi

38.2***

35.3***#vii

23.5***

67.1***

  
  1. Asterisks refer to p-values indicating the significance of a coefficient *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001 °Coefficient that would have been significant in a model including additional categorical variables (health facility level and health facility owner) but was not in the model presented here [60]. #Coefficients with a p-value below 0.05 in the random or fixed effect model and which differed by more than 10% of their means: (i) random: 54.6*** (p = 0.000), fixed: 36.0 (p = 0.000); (ii) random: 66.2*** (p = 0.000), fixed: 73.3*** (p = 0.000); (iii) random: 53.8*** (p = 0.000), fixed: 45.1*** (p = 0.000); (iv) random: 27.9*** (p = 0.000), fixed: 23.8*** (p = 0.000); (v) random: 4.2 (p = 0.102), fixed: 4.8* (p = 0.038)); (vi) random: 7.4*** (p = 0.006), fixed: 2.2 (p = 0.399); (vii) random: 35.3*** (p = 0.000), fixed: 31.7*** (p = 0.000) There was a large fraction of unexplained variance attributed to the random effect for all models, meaning that scores were strongly correlated within councils (data not shown). Responsible health system levels are given in brackets for easier reference: l = local, c = council; n = national QD 1 = Physical environment and equipment: QD 1.1 = Physical environment, QD 1.2 = Equipment availability; QD 2 = Job expectations: QD 2.1 = Provider knowledge of services to be provided, QD 2.2 = Guideline and algorithm availability, QD 2.3 = Availability of job description; QD 3 = Professional knowledge, skills and ethics: QD 3.1 = Ethics and Infection Prevention and Control (IPC), QD 3.2 = Integrated Management of Childhood Illnesses (IMCI), QD 3.3 = Maternal health, QD 3.4 = Fever, QD 3.5 = HIV/AIDS and TB; QD 4 = Management and administration: QD 4.1 = Display of public information, suggestion box, meeting conduction, duty roster, referral plans, QD 4.2 = Information, Education and Communication (IEC) material availability and Health Management Information System (HMIS) implementation, QD 4.3 = Routine CHMT supportive supervision visits, QD 4.4 = Staffing level, QD 4.5 = Medicines availability; QD 5 = Staff motivation: QD 5.1 = In-house education, QD 5.2 = Appointment as best worker, QD 5.3 = Letter of appreciation and training follow up, QD 5.4 = Reward payment, house allocation, promotion, QD 5.5 = Training, QD 5.6 = Salary and promotion payment; QD 6 = Client satisfaction
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BMC Health Services Research

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