Association between degree of exposure to the Hospital Value Based Purchasing Program and 30-day mortality: experience from the first four years of Medicare’s pay-for-performance program

Table 11 Association of HVBP with 30-day risk adjusted mortality rate for AMI, HF, and pneumonia: Heterogeneity in covariates

	AMI	HF	Pneumonia
1. Regression model with heterogeneity in hospital teaching status
Not teaching hospitals	0.087	0.071	0.066
Not teaching hospitals	0.08	0.066	0.079
Teaching hospitals	0.189	−0.381	−0.585
Teaching hospitals	0.52	0.361	0.53
2. Regression model with heterogeneity in hospital ownership status
Not for-profit	−0.014	−0.082	− 0.008
Not for-profit	0.10	0.08	0.09
Government	0.412	0.165	0.256
Government	0.26	0.18	0.22
For-profit	0.054	0.397*	0.438*
For-profit	0.19	0.13	0.17
3. Regression model with heterogeneity in hospital bed size capacity
100 or fewer beds	0.556*	−0.001	0.068
100 or fewer beds	0.26	0.13	0.169
100 to 199 beds	0.035	−0.07	0.015
100 to 199 beds	0.15	0.12	0.15
200 or more beds	−0.045	0.161	0.274
200 or more beds	0.10	0.09	0.11

Note: Only the estimates of heterogeneity in interaction effects reported
Sources: Authors’ analysis of Hospital Compare (2009–2016), American Hospital Association Annual Survey (2009), and Final Impact Rules (2009–2016) data
High Medicare share hospitals: Hospitals with Medicare share inpatient days > = 55%; Low Medicare share hospitals: Hospitals with Medicare share inpatient days < 55%
Post-HVBP refers to the period 2011–2016
Estimates from random effects model reported; heteroscedasticity-robust standard errors clustered at the hospital level; model includes year dummies
*p < 0.05
^aStandard errors in parenthesis

ISSN: 1472-6963