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Table 1 Characteristics of individuals with type 2 diabetes by ethnicity and gender

From: Ethnic and gender differences in the management of type 2 diabetes: a cross-sectional study from Norwegian general practice

Parameter

Ethnicity

Westerners

Eastern Europeans

Eastern Asians

South Asians

MENA c

Eastern Africans

Men, n

4698

103

76

430

200

80

Age (years)

65.1 (64.7 to 65.4)

59.6 (57.4 to 61.9)*

57.8 (54.6 to 60.9)*

56.2 (55.2 to 57.2)*

54.6 (53.0 to 56.2)*

51.7 (49.2 to 54.2)*

Diabetes duration (years)

8.5 (8.3 to 8.7)

8.0 (6.5 to 9.6)

6.9 (5.4 to 8.3)*

9.2 (8.5 to 10.0)

6.6 (5.7 to 7.4)*

6.0 (4.6 to 7.3)*

BMI (kg/m2) a

30.1 (29.9 to 30.4)

30.3 (28.9 to 31.8)

26.9 (25.5 to 28.4)*

28.3 (27.7 to 29.0)*

31.2 (29.4 to 33.0)

26.6 (25.0 to 28.1)*

Resident time in Norway (years) b

34.6 (31.9 to 37.3)

22.0 (19.0 to 24.9)*

26.9 (24.7 to 29.2)*

29.5 (28.5 to 30.5)*

21.6 (19.9 to 23.2)*

14.9 (12.8 to 16.9)*

Current smoking (%)

21.9 (20.7 to 23.1)

34.2 (25.0 to 43.4)*

26.6 (16.7 to 36.5)

27.7 (23.5 to 31.9)*

34.8 (28.2 to 41.4)*

21.7 (12.7 to 30.7)

Education (%)

 Pre/primary

28.3 (27.1 to 29.6)

26.0 (17.5 to 34.5)

44.6 (33.4 to 55.8)*

54.8 (50.1 to 59.5)*

46.9 (40.0 to 53.8)*

47.9 (37.0 to 58.8)*

 Secondary

51.9 (50.5 to 53.3)

41.7 (32.2 to 51.2)

20.3 (11.3 to 29.3)*

23.2 (19.2 to 27.2)*

28.6 (22.3 to 34.9)*

20.5 (11.7 to 29.3)*

 Tertiary

19.8 (18.7 to 20.9)

32.3 (23.3 to 41.3)*

35.1 (24.4 to 45.8)*

22.0 (18.1 to 25.9)

24.5 (18.5 to 30.5)

31.5 (21.3 to 41.7)*

Women, n

3797

81

142

368

140

46

Age (years)

68.3 (67.9 to 68.7)

61.6 (58.8 to 64.4)*

57.7 (55.6 to 59.9)*

56.7 (55.6 to 57.8)*

53.4 (51.6 to 55.2)*

51.9 (49. 3 to 54.9)*

Diabetes duration (years)

9.0 (8.7 to 9.2)

7.3 (6.0 to 8.6)*

7.7 (6.7 to 8.7)*

9.8 (9.0 to 10.6)

7.7 (6.4 to 8.9)

5.5 (4.0 to 6.9)*

BMI (kg/m2) a

30.5 (30.2 to 30.8)

31.5 (29.8 to 33.2)

26.3 (25.1 to 27.5)*

31.0 (29.9 to 32.0)

32.2 (30.7 to 33.6)*

30.8 (28.6 to 33.1)

Resident time in Norway (years) b

43.1 (40.3 to 45.9)

22.4 (19.6 to 25.2)*

24.3 (22.7 to 25.9)*

26.5 (25.6 to 27.5)*

21.5 (19.7 to 23.3)*

14.1 (10.9 to 17.3)*

Current smoking (%)

23.9 (22.5 to 25.3)

27.0 (17.3 to 36.7)

12.1 (6.7 to 17.5)*

1.8 (0.4 to 3.2)*

20.2 (13.5 to 26.9)

4.8 (−1.4 to 11.0)*

Education (%)

 Pre/primary

40.2 (38.6 to 41.8)

35.7 (25.3 to 46.1)

49.6 (41.4 to 57.8)

63.4 (58.5 to 68.3)*

73.8 (66.5 to 81.1)*

62.2 (48.2 to 76.2)*

 Secondary

45.0 (43.4 to 46.6)

37.1 (26.6 to 47.6)

19.7 (13.2 to 26.2)*

22.5 (18.2 to 26.8)*

14.8 (8.9 to 20.7)*

18.9 (7.6 to 30.2)*

 Tertiary

14.8 (13.7 to 15.9)

27.1 (17.4 to 36.8)*

30.7 (23.1 to 38.3)*

14.2 (10.6 to 17.8)

11.5 (6.2 to 16.8)

18.9 (7.6 to 30.2)

  1. Data are mean (95% CI), unless otherwise stated.
  2. a BMI Body mass index, b Resident time for those born outside Norway. c MENA Middle Easterners/North Africans
  3. The chi-square tests and the One-Way ANOVA tests with post hoc tests were applied to compare ethnic differences with Westerners as reference. * No overlap in 95% CIs, indicating significant difference between Westerners and the particular minority group