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Table 4 Number and proportion of households exposed to CHE by study variables in the 2003, 2008, and 2015 surveys

From: Increase of catastrophic health expenditure while it does not have socio-economic anymore; finding from a district on Tehran after recent extensive health sector reform

Variables

2003 survey N (%, CI)

2008 survey N (%, CI)

2015 survey N (%, CI)

P-valuea

Total no. households with CHE

73 (12.6%, 9.9–15.3)

70 (11.8%, 9.2–14.4)

179 (29.9%, 26.2–33.6)

< 0.001

Economic status

 

*

  

 Quintile 1 (poorest)

25 (17%, 10.9–23.1)

23 (18%, 11.3–24.7)

38 (35.3%, 26.2–44.4)

< 0.001

 Quintile 2

16 (14%, 7.6–20.4)

9 (14%, 5.5–22.5)

32 (34.8%, 25.1–44.5)

< 0.001

 Quintile 3

15 (14%, 7.4–20.6)

21 (13%, 7.8–18.2)

48 (32%, 24.5–39.5)

< 0.001

 Quintile 4

9 (9%, 3.4–14.6)

8 (9%, 3.1–14.9)

22 (25.3%, 16.2–34.4)

0.001

 Quintile 5 (richest)

8 (7%, 2.3–11.7)

9 (6%, 2.2–9.8)

39 (32.5%, 24.1–40.9)

< 0.001

Insurance status

  

*

 

 Have

52 (11%, 8.2–13.8)

47 (11%, 8.0–14.0)

160 (33.3%, 29.1–37.5)

< 0.001

 Not have

21 (17%, 10.4–23.6)

23 (15%, 9.3–20.7)

19 (22%, 13.2–30.8)

0.382

Household head

 Father

62 (11%, 8.4–13.6)

150 (30.5%, 26.4–34.6)

< 0.001

 Mother or other

8 (18%, 6.6–29.3)

29 (39%, 27.9–50.1)

0.017

Member ≥65 years in Household

 

*

  

 Have

14 (11%, 5.6–16.4)

15 (14%, 7.4–20.6)

56 (35.6%, 28.1–43.1)

< 0.001

 Not have

59 (12%, 9.1–14.9)

55 (11%, 8.3–13.7)

123 (30.1%, 26.6–34.5)

< 0.001

Household size

 1–2 members

18 (19%, 11.1–26.9)

3 (12%, −0.7-24.7)

54 (38.5%, 30.4–46.7)

< 0.001

 3–6 members

48 (11%, 8.1–13.9)

48 (10.5%, 7.7–13.3)

120 (29.6%, 25.1–34.1)

< 0.001

 ≥ 7 members

7 (12%, 3.6–20.4)

19 (17%, 10.0–23.0)

5 (23.8%, 5.6–42.0)

0.434

Disabled member in the household

 

*

  

 Have

21 (20%, 12.3–27.6)

22 (35.9%, 23.9–47.9)

0.023

 Not have

49 (10%, 7.3–12.7)

157 (31.1%, 27.1–35.1)

< 0.001

Dentistry usage (during previous month)

**

**

  

 Have

27 (27%, 18.3–35.7)

29 (14%, 9.3–18.7)

75 (35.1%, 28.7–41.5)

< 0.001

 Not have

46 (10%, 7.3–12.7)

41 (8%, 5.6–10.3)

104 (29.6%, 24.8–34.4)

< 0.001

Inpatient service usage (during previous year)

*

**

*

 

 Have

12 (30%, 15.8–44.2)

13 (56.5%, 36.2–76.8)

51 (42.1%, 33.3–50.9)

0.114

 Not have

61 (12%, 9.2–14.8)

57 (10%, 7.5–12.5)

128 (28.8%, 24.6–33.0)

< 0.001

Outpatient service usage (during previous month)

 

**

*

 

 Have

67 (14.5%, 11.3–17.7)

170 (32.9%, 28.8–36.9)

< 0.001

 Not have

3 (2%, −0.2-4.2)

9 (18.5%, 7.6–29.4)

< 0.001

  1. *P < 0.05; **P < 0.001
  2. aChi-square test