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Table 1 Baseline characteristics of Medicare beneficiaries and percentage tobacco use diagnoses1 in 2001, 2007 and 2014

From: Trends in tobacco use and tobacco cessation counselling codes among Medicare beneficiaries, 2001–2014

 

2001

2007

2014

N (%) or Mean (Std)

% with tobacco diagnosis

ORs

N (%) or Mean (Std)

% with tobacco diagnosis

ORs

N (%) or Mean (Std)

% with tobacco diagnosis

ORs

All

1,190,827

3.61%

 

1,234,434

5.49%

 

1,362,211

12.97%

 

Age

 66–69

243,110 (20.42%)

4.62%

Reference

225,138 (18.24%)

7.14%

Reference

326,808 (23.99)

13.01%

Reference

 70–74

312,072 (26.21%)

4.39%

0.92 (0.89–0.94)

315,571 (25.56%)

6.54%

0.88 (0.86–0.90)

328,549 (24.12%)

14.22%

1.01 (0.99–1.02)

 75–79

276,067 (23.18%)

3.68%

0.74 (0.71–0.76)

278,436 (22.56%)

5.67%

0.72 (0.70–0.74)

259,600 (19.06%)

13.93%

0.91 (0.90–0.93)

 80–84

190,697 (16.01%)

2.78%

0.54 (0.52–0.56)

217,819 (17.65%)

4.51%

0.55 (0.54–0.57)

205,506 (15.09%)

13.15%

0.81 (0.80–0.83)

 85+

168,881 (14.18%)

1.52%

0.30 (0.28–0.31)

197,470 (16.00%)

2.74%

0.33 (0.32–0.34)

241,748 (17.75%)

10.01%

0.58 (0.57–0.60)

Gender

 Female

715,118 (60.05%)

2.87%

Reference

724,263 (58.67%)

4.42%

Reference

815,915 (59.90%)

10.70%

Reference

 Male

475,709 (39.95%)

4.71%

1.54 (1.51–1.57)

510,171 (41.33%)

7.00%

1.52 (1.50–1.55)

546,296 (40.10%)

16.35%

1.66 (1.64–1.68)

Race/Ethnicity

 White

1,054,364 (88.54%)

3.71%

Reference

1,040,394 (84.28%)

5.70%

Reference

1,136,026 (83.40%)

13.42%

Reference

 Black

88,485 (7.43%)

3.30%

0.84 (0.81–0.88)

92,454 (7.49%)

5.55%

0.93 (0.90–0.96)

101,084 (7.42%)

13.86%

0.96 (0.94–0.98)

 Hispanic

21,744 (1.83%)

1.89%

0.41 (0.37–0.46)

64,186 (5.20%)

3.21%

0.49 (0.46–0.52)

69,191 (5.08%)

8.46%

0.53 (0.52–0.55)

 Others

26,234 (2.20%)

1.93%

0.46 (0.42–0.50)

37,400 (3.03%)

3.31%

0.54 (0.50–0.57)

55,910 (4.10%)

7.64%

0.52 (0.50–0.54)

Medicaid eligible

 Yes

151,482 (12.72%)

4.40%

Reference

167,008 (13.53%)

6.51%

Reference

174,648 (12.82%)

16.00%

Reference

 No

1,039,345 (87.28%)

3.49%

0.73 (0.71–0.75)

1,067,426 (86.47%)

5.33%

0.78 (0.76–0.80)

1,187,563 (87.18%)

12.52%

0.80 (0.79–0.81)

Elixhauser Comorbidity

 0–1

770,969 (64.74%)

3.36%

Reference

699,085 (56.63%)

4.86%

Reference

691,542 (50.76%)

9.60%

Reference

 2–3

296,602 (24.91%)

3.82%

1.06 (1.04–1.09)

354,357 (28.71%)

6.00%

1.16 (1.14–1.19)

412,131 (30.25%)

13.97%

1.44 (1.42–1.46)

 4+

123,256 (10.35%)

4.63%

1.07 (1.03–1.10)

180,992 (14.66%)

6.92%

1.09 (1.06–1.120

258,556 (18.98%)

20.37%

1.90 (1.87–1.93)

COPD or Emphysema

 Yes

190,128 (15.97%)

8.85%

Reference

204,062 (16.53%)

13.35%

Reference

216,620 (15.90%)

30.11%

Reference

 No

1,000,699 (84.03%)

2.61%

0.28 (0.27–0.29)

1,030,372 (83.47%)

3.93%

0.27 (0.26–0.28)

1,145,591 (84.10%)

9.73%

0.28 (0.28–0.29)

  1. 1. Tobacco use: identified using ICD-9 codes 305.1, 989.84, and V15.82
  2. 2. Medicaid eligibility status: based on whether the patient was eligible for state buy-in coverage provided by the Medicaid program for at least 1 month or in low-income subsidy part D program during the study year
  3. 3. Elixhauser Comorbidity components: congestive heart failure, valvular disease, pulmonary circulation disorders, peripheral vascular disorders, hypertension, paralysis, other neurological disorders, diabetes-uncomplicated, diabetes-complicated, hypothyroidism, renal failure, liver disease, peptic ulcer disease excluding bleeding, AIDS (acquired immune deficiency syndrome), lymphoma, metastatic cancer, solid tumor without metastasis, rheumatoid arthritis/collagen vascular diseases, coagulopathy, obesity, weight loss, fluid and electrolyte disorders, blood loss anemia, deficiency anemia, alcohol abuse, drug abuse, psychoses, and depression;
  4. 4. COPD/Emphysema: identified using ICD-9 codes 490, 491, 492, 496