From: Measuring the frequency and variation of unnecessary care across Canada
 | X-ray | CT/MRI | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Characteristic | n | Rate per 100a | Odds Ratio (95% CI)b | Rate per 100a | Odds Ratio (95% CI)b |
Patient-level | |||||
Age | |||||
 18–44 [ref] | 49,623 | 24.6 | 1.00 | 3.2 | 1.00 |
 45–64 | 35,736 | 31.7 | 1.37 (1.32–1.41)* | 5.8 | 1.66 (1.55–1.77)* |
 65–84 | 11,063 | 39.8 | 1.92 (1.83–2.01)* | 6.7 | 1.85 (1.69–2.02)* |
 85+ | 1318 | 39.9 | 1.98 (1.76–2.22)* | 3.6 | 0.97 (0.71–1.31) |
Sex | |||||
 Male [ref] | 46,167 | 29.2 | 1.00 | 5.0 | 1.00 |
 Female | 51,573 | 29.0 | 0.96 (0.94–0.99)* | 4.2 | 0.81 (0.76–0.86)* |
Income Quintile | |||||
 1st – lowest [ref] | 21,598 | 28.6 | 1.00 | 3.7 | 1.00 |
 2nd | 21,028 | 29.1 | 1.02 (0.98–1.06) | 4.4 | 1.13 (1.03–1.24)* |
 3rd | 19,732 | 29.3 | 1.03 (0.98–1.07) | 4.7 | 1.15 (1.05–1.26)* |
 4th | 18,969 | 29.2 | 1.03 (0.99–1.08) | 4.9 | 1.19 (1.09–1.31)* |
 5th – highest | 15,625 | 30.2 | 1.05 (1.01–1.10)* | 5.3 | 1.25 (1.14–1.38)* |
Rurality | |||||
 Urban [ref] | 80,951 | 28.7 | 1.00 | 4.1 | 1.00 |
 Rural | 16,275 | 31.6 | 1.05 (0.99–1.10) | 7.0 | 1.38 (1.27–1.49)* |
Physician-level | |||||
Annual LBP patient volume | |||||
 50+ [ref] | 54,978 | 27.2 | 1.00 | 3.6 | 1.00 |
 50 | 42,762 | 31.6 | 1.16 (1.09–1.22)* | 5.8 | 1.44 (1.30–1.58)* |
Specialty | |||||
 Specialist [ref] | 1018 | 27.7 | 1.00 | 10.3 | 1.00 |
 General practitioner | 96,722 | 29.1 | 1.19 (0.97–1.47) | 4.5 | 0.53 (0.41–0.70)* |
Compensation model | |||||
 Non-FFS | 1878 | 28.8 | 1.00 | 6.1 | 1.00 |
 FFS | 95,862 | 29.1 | 1.21 (1.06–1.37)* | 4.5 | 1.02 (0.81–1.29) |