A randomized control trial of primary care-based management of type 2 diabetes by a pharmacist in Pakistan

Javaid, Zaida; Imtiaz, Unaiza; Khalid, Imtiaz; Saeed, Hamid; Khan, Rehana Qadir; Islam, Muhammad; Saleem, Zikria; Sohail, Muhammad Farhan; Danish, Zeeshan; Batool, Farah; Anwer, Naveed

doi:10.1186/s12913-019-4274-z

BMC Health Services Research

Table 2 Inter and intra-group changes in process outcome measures in control and intervention arms

From: A randomized control trial of primary care-based management of type 2 diabetes by a pharmacist in Pakistan

	Process Outcome Measures Intra-group comparison; baseline vs follow-ups Inter-group comparison; final control vs final intervention [Mean ± SD]										F_C vs F_I (p-values)
Process Outcomes	Control Arm					Intervention Arm
	Baseline, n = 121	Follow up Every 3 Months			p-values	Baseline, n = 123	Follow up Every 3 Months			p-values
	Baseline, n = 121	1st, n = 121	2nd, n = 121	3rd, n = 52	p-values	Baseline, n = 123	1st, n = 123	2nd, n = 105	3rd, n = 83	p-values
Weight [Kg]	78.2 ± 14.4	78.4 ± 15.1	78.8 ± 14.9	76.3 ± 14.8	0.915	77.5 ± 17.6	75.9 ± 16.9	74.6 ± 16.2	73.7 ± 16.6	0.258	0.35
Waist [cm]	110 ± 16.6	109 ± 16.1	110 ± 16.2	106 ± 14.3	0.567	109 ± 16.5	107 ± 15.9	105 ± 15.3	103 ± 13.6	0.042*	0.28
BMI [Kg/m²]	30.6 ± 4.9	30.6 ± 5.1	30.8 ± 5.1	30.7 ± 5.6	0.986	30.7 ± 6.4	30.2 ± 6.2	29.4 ± 5.9	28.9 ± 5.9	0.131	0.06
HbA1c (%)	10.7 ± 1.7	10.6 ± 2.1	10.2 ± 1.9	9.7 ± 1.3	0.001**	11 ± 1.7	9.5 ± 1.6	8.4 ± 1.1	7.7 ± 0.9	0.0001**	0.0001**
eABG [mg/dL]	261 ± 49.8	257 ± 58.9	246 ± 54.7	232 ± 38	0.0036*	268 ± 50.2	227 ± 44.8	194 ± 32.1	174 ± 25.6	< 0.0001**	0.025*
SBP [mm/Hg]	133 ± 15.4	132 ± 13.4	134 ± 13.2	137 ± 7.1	0.082	145 ± 20.9	133 ± 14.2	127 ± 10.6	124 ± 9.9	< 0.0001**	0.0001**
DBP [mm/Hg]	85 ± 10.4	85 ± 7.9	86 ± 9.8	89 ± 4.2	0.03*	94 ± 10.7	89 ± 7.1	88 ± 6.1	87 ± 5.4	< 0.0001**	0.0001**
Cholesterol [mg/dL]	231 ± 55.7	229 ± 49.6	223 ± 43.7	221 ± 53.2	0.3	223 ± 51.3	187 ± 36.6	169 ± 28.1	153 ± 25.9	< 0.0001**	0.0001**
TG [mg/dL]	191 ± 79.8	186 ± 67.7	175 ± 53.1	172 ± 48.7	0.1	272 ± 112.1	195 ± 53.9	164 ± 39.9	143 ± 31.6	< 0.0001**	0.0001**
HDL-C [mg/dL]	48 ± 12.5	46 ± 10.9	47 ± 12.3	49 ± 13.9	0.437	49 ± 18.2	50 ± 11.4	49 ± 9.7	49 ± 7.9	0.975	0.794
LDL-C [mg/dL]	145 ± 48.5	146 ± 43.1	141 ± 39.4	82 ± 77.9	< 0.0001**	119 ± 50.3	99 ± 34.4	87 ± 26.1	76 ± 21.7	< 0.0001***	0.0001**
VLDL-C [mg/dL]	38 ± 15.9	37 ± 13.5	35 ± 10.6	20 ± 18.5	< 0.0001**	54 ± 22.4	39 ± 10.8	33 ± 8	29 ± 6.3	< 0.0001**	0.0001**
S Cr [mg/dL]	1.0 ± 0.3	1 ± 0.2	1.0 ± 0.2	1 ± 0.1	0.8	1.1 ± 0.4	0.9 ± 0.2	0.9 ± 0.2	0.8 ± 0.1	< 0.0001**	0.0001**
eGFR [ml/min/1.73m²]	77 ± 18.1	77 ± 15.8	76 ± 16.2	76 ± 14.2	0.5	70 ± 2	80 ± 18.6	87 ± 18.3	94 ± 15.2	< 0.001**	0.0001**

Abbreviations: HbA1c Glycated hemoglobin 1c, eABG Estimated average glucose, SBP Systolic blood pressure, DBP Diastolic blood, HDL-C High Density Lipoprotein-Cholesterol, LDL-C Low Density Lipoprotein-Cholesterol, VLDL-C Very Low Density Lipoprotein-Cholesterol, Sr Cr Serum Creatinine, eGFR Estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate, F_C Final control arm vs F_I final intervention arm
p-values; *p < 0.05–0.002, **p < 0.001–0.0001

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