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HPWS
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Ten-item HPWS questionnaire [5] assessing HPWS practices within a given unit.
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See Table 1
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5-point Likert scale: ‘disagree strongly’ - ‘agree strongly’ (with ‘neutral’); Cronbach’s α = .92 [5]
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Teamwork climate (TC)
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Six-item subscale from the SAQ [27] (original (English) version [28]) assessing the perceived quality of teamwork and collaboration within a given unit [28].
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‘The physicians and nurses here work together as a well-coordinated team.’
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5-point Likert scale ‘disagree strongly’ - ‘agree strongly’ (with ‘neutral’); Cronbach’s α = .436–.791 [27]
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Safety climate (SC)
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Seven-item subscale from the SAQ [27] (original (English) version [28]) assessing perception of how strong and proactive a given unit’s organizational commitment to safety is [28].
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‘The culture in this clinical area makes it easy to learn from the errors of others.’
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See above
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Organisational learning (OL)
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Three-item subscale from the HSOPSC [18] (original (English) version [29]) assesses whether mistakes have led to positive changes and changes are evaluated for their effectiveness [30].
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‘We are actively doing things to improve patient safety.’
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5-point Likert scale ‘strongly disagree’ - ‘strongly agree’ (with ‘neither agree or disagree’); one item ranged from ‘never’ to ‘more than once a month’; Cronbach’s α = .61–.88 [18]
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Critical incident reporting system (CIRS)
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Three self-developed items assessing the use of CIRSs.
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‘I use the CIRS reporting system for the analysis of patient-related events/(near-misses) errors.’
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5-point Likert scale ‘strongly disagree’ - ‘strongly agree’ (with ‘neither agree or disagree’)
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Patient safety grade (PS)
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One self-developed item assesses the overall grade of patient safety within a given unit.
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‘What is the overall grade of patient safety in your clinical area?’
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10-point visual analogue scale ‘very unsafe’ - ‘very safe’
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Demographic data
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Seven items assessing each participant’s socio-demographic profile
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‘Do you have a management function?’
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Dichotomous answer format
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