Table 2 Effects of Cost-sharing Elimination and Covariates on Utilization. (Odds Ratio, Confidence Interval (CI), P-value)
From: Effectiveness of Medicare cost-sharing elimination for Cancer screening on utilization
|  | Annual Mammogram (Women > = 40) | Biennial Pap Smear (All women) | Colonoscopy (All men and women > = 50) | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Odds Ratio | 95% CI | P-value | Odds Ratio | 95% CI | P-value | Odds Ratio | 95% CI | P-value | |
Transition: 2011–2012 | 1.03 | 0.91–1.17 | 0.67 | 0.87 | 0.69–1.09 | 0.22 | 1.08 | 0.90–1.29 | 0.42 |
Post-policy: 2013 | 1.07 | 0.88–1.30 | 0.49 | 0.72 | 0.51–1.03 | 0.07 | 1.08 | 0.83–1.42 | 0.56 |
Continuous year indicator | 0.94 | 0.91–0.98 | < 0.001 | 0.97 | 0.89–1.05 | 0.45 | 0.97 | 0.92–1.02 | 0.20 |
Having a private supplemental insurance | 2.12 | 1.84–2.43 | < 0.001 | 1.67 | 1.26–2.21 | < 0.001 | 1.92 | 1.64–2.26 | < 0.001 |
Income level: Poor (Ref: High Income) | 0.73 | 0.60–0.89 | < 0.001 | 0.83 | 0.58–1.19 | 0.31 | 1.07 | 0.84–1.36 | 0.61 |
Income level: Near poor | 0.88 | 0.78–1.00 | 0.06 | 0.89 | 0.70–1.13 | 0.34 | 0.99 | 0.86–1.15 | 0.92 |
Income level: Middle | 0.96 | 0.86–1.06 | 0.40 | 1.15 | 0.96–1.37 | 0.12 | 1.10 | 0.99–1.22 | 0.09 |
Education level: Less than high school (Ref: College) | 0.73 | 0.59–0.91 | < 0.001 | 0.68 | 0.41–1.11 | 0.12 | 0.89 | 0.72–1.10 | 0.29 |
Education level: High school | 0.93 | 0.84–1.02 | 0.14 | 0.78 | 0.65–0.93 | 0.01 | 0.93 | 0.84–1.02 | 0.13 |
Current smoker | 0.59 | 0.50–0.70 | < 0.001 | 0.75 | 0.55–1.02 | 0.06 | 0.78 | 0.66–0.93 | 0.01 |
Living in metro area | 0.96 | 0.87–1.05 | 0.36 | 1.27 | 1.05–1.53 | 0.01 | 1.00 | 0.90–1.10 | 0.93 |
Female | – | – | – | – | – | – | 0.96 | 0.87–1.06 | 0.41 |
Being married | 1.30 | 1.18–1.44 | < 0.001 | 1.48 | 1.23–1.77 | < 0.001 | 1.11 | 1.00–1.23 | 0.05 |
Age | 0.93 | 0.96–0.97 | < 0.001 | 0.93 | 0.92–0.94 | < 0.001 | 0.97 | 0.96–0.98 | < 0.001 |
Race/Ethnicity: Hispanic (Ref: Non-Hispanic White) | 0.75 | 0.57–0.98 | 0.04 | 01.00 | 0.60–1.65 | 0.99 | 0.83 | 0.62–1.11 | 0.21 |
Race/Ethnicity: Non-Hispanic Black | 1.02 | 0.85–1.21 | 0.87 | 0.92 | 0.65–1.32 | 0.67 | 1.20 | 1.00–1.43 | 0.05 |
Race/Ethnicity: Non-Hispanic other race | 0.83 | 0.64–1.08 | 0.16 | 0.84 | 0.56–1.27 | 0.41 | 0.78 | 0.56–1.08 | 0.13 |
Disabled | 0.52 | 0.41–0.66 | < 0.001 | 0.41 | 0.26–0.65 | < 0.001 | 0.59 | 0.47–0.75 | < 0.001 |
Self-reported health: Very good (Ref: Excellent) | 1.13 | 1.01–1.26 | 0.04 | 0.97 | 0.80–1.17 | 0.74 | 1.08 | 0.94–1.23 | 0.27 |
Self-reported health: Good | 1.08 | 0.96–1.21 | 0.21 | 0.87 | 0.71–1.08 | 0.20 | 1.17 | 1.02–1.34 | 0.02 |
Self-reported health: Fair | 0.82 | 0.71–0.94 | 0.01 | 0.81 | 0.62–1.07 | 0.14 | 1.27 | 1.08–1.50 | < 0.001 |
Self-reported health: Poor | 0.50 | 0.40–0.62 | < 0.001 | 0.61 | 0.41–0.91 | 0.02 | 1.16 | 0.90–1.49 | 0.24 |
Not proficient English | 0.79 | 0.50–1.25 | 0.31 | 1.29 | 0.55–3.05 | 0.56 | 0.56 | 0.29–1.08 | 0.08 |
Distrust Doctor | 0.93 | 0.78–1.10 | 0.38 | 1.06 | 0.77–1.47 | 0.72 | 1.12 | 0.95–1.33 | 0.17 |
Bad Communication with Doctor | 1.07 | 0.96–1.20 | 0.22 | 0.87 | 0.69–1.10 | 0.23 | 1.14 | 1.02–1.28 | 0.03 |
MA plan penetration | 1.00 | 1.00–1.01 | 0.22 | 1.00 | 0.99–1.01 | 0.62 | 1.00 | 1.00–1.01 | 0.33 |
Physician Number/100,000 population | 1.00 | 1.00–1.00 | 0.01 | 1.00 | 1.00–1.00 | 0.99 | 1.00 | 0.98–1.03 | 0.74 |
N | 19,036 | 7935 | 38,226 | ||||||