Table 3 How is PIR conducted?
First author Date | Participants | Time | Content of PIR |
|---|---|---|---|
Petti 2001 | Nursing staff other than those directly involved with the incident | As soon as the patient can respond coherently to questions | Mapping of reasons for S/R, possible prevention actions and alternative measures |
Bonner 2002 | Patients and staff | Participants’ comprehension of what happened before, during and after the restraint event; mapping of needs for after-incident care | |
Fisher 2003 | Patients and treatment team | Analysis of the events leading up to the S/R event and more long-term planning to avoid a repetition of S/R | |
Ashcraft 2008 | Patients and staff | What patient and staff could have done differently and what staff could do in the future to prevent S/R | |
Bonner 2010 | Staff, patients, caregivers and witnesses to incidents | Within 72 h | Mapping of the incident and surrounding events and consideration of what was helpful and unhelpful during the incident |
Azeem 2011 | Staff and patients involved | Within 48–72 h | Mapping of triggers, evaluation of interventions and possible S/R prevention alternatives and identification of traumatisation/retraumatization to patient and staff |
Azeem 2015 | Patients and staff involved in incidents, clinicians, physicians and sometimes hospital administrators | Within a few days | Analysis of the incident, triggers, helpful interventions and alternatives regarding S/R prevention |
Lanthen 2015 | Patients and staff Verbal and written follow-up | ||
Ling 2016 | Verbal or written follow-up Participants are decided by the patient and the team | Within 24 h If an inpatient declines, new offer within 72 h | Patients’ feelings, reactions and circumstances regarding the restraint experience; mapping of needs for follow-up care |
Gustafsson 2016 | Patients and nurses who performed the coercive measure | “too much time’ should not have passed” [p. 41] | Exchange of reciprocal understandings of the S/R event |
Riahi 2016 | Patients and staff | As soon as possible after event is clinically indicated | Exploration of the event, identification of triggers, alternative options and identification and healing of restraint-related damage |
Goulet 2017 | Patients and staff members identified in the staff report | Within 24–48 h, but flexibility in practice | Review of events leading to the incident, factors involved, effect on patients and changes in future practice |