Table 2 Definitions and descriptions of PIR

Petti 2001

Systematic debriefing

S/R reduction

Public recommendations

Strength-based care

Bonner 2002

After-incident support

Fisher 2003

Detailed behaviour analysis

Mapping of patients’ and staffs’ views on S/R events and thereby S/R prevention

Public S/R reduction programme

Person-centred care

Ashcraft 2008

Chain analysis

Capturing of the viewpoints of patients who have experienced S/R

Public S/R reduction programme

Recovery-oriented care

Bonner 2010

Discussion of events at patients’ own pace in a nonthreatening way

NICE guidelines

Azeem 2011

Rigorous problem solving

S/R prevention

Public S/R reduction programme

Trauma-informed and Strength-based care

Azeem 2015

Chain analysis of incidents

Restraint prevention

Public S/R reduction programme

Recovery-oriented, person-centred and strength-based care

Lanthen 2015

Quality and safety education for nurses project

Person-centred care

Ling 2015

‘an opportunity to talk about feelings, reactions, and circumstances surrounding an inpatient’s restraint experience, from the inpatient’s perspective’(p. 387)

‘an opportunity for clinicians to assess inpatients and determine necessary follow-up care’(p.387)

Public S/R reduction programme

Riahi 2016

Formalised service-user debriefing

Exploration of events from patients’ perspectives to mitigate adverse S/R-related effects and use the lessons to inform future practice

Public S/R reduction programme

Recovery-oriented and trauma-informed care

Gustafsson 2016

Establishment of a communication forum for nurses and patients

Goulet 2017

‘a complex intervention, taking place after an SR episode and targeting the patient and healthcare team to enhance the care experience and provide meaningful learning for the patient, staff, and organization’ [37]

Obtaining of patient feedback on their SR experiences

Bonner’s model (2008)