Table 1 Description of the included publications
First author Date | Nation | Design/method | Aim | Setting and sample | Age group | Intervention |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Petti 2001 | United States | A combination data collection applying semi-structured interviews and a cross-sectional questionnaire on debriefing incidents | Explore role of PIR in a S/R reduction project | 81 incidents, both patients and staff | Children and adolescents | Restraints and seclusion |
Bonner 2002 | United Kingdom | Descriptive pilot study Semi-structured interviews | Evaluate feasibility and helpfulness of PIR after restraints | Patients (N = 6) Staff (N = 12) | Adults | Restraints |
Fisher 2003 | United States | Cross-sectional study of patients and staff at clinic Observational design using questionnaire and register data from the clinic and the whole state (reference group) | Describe the results of a program to reduce S/R rates in a mental health hospital | Patients (N = 148; 25% response rate) Staff (N = 112; 15% response rate) | Adults | Restraints and seclusion |
Ashcraft 2008 | United States | Evaluation study with 58-month follow-up, implementing a new organisational program including PIR in two crisis clinics Registration of S/R rates | Reduce S/R use to zero S/R events | Two urban crisis centres, one small and one large | Adults | Restraints and seclusion |
Bonner 2010 | United Kingdom | Cross-sectional study assessing agreement on 6 statements (on a 7-point Likert scale) | Evaluate whether staff and patients found PIR helpful after restraint incidents | Patients (N = 30) Staff (N = 30) | Adults | Restraints |
Azeem 2011 | United States | Descriptive study using medical records reviewed over 33 months | Determine the effectiveness of six core strategies based on trauma-informed care at reducing S/R | Psychiatric hospital. Medical records (N = 458) | Children and adolescents | Restraints and seclusion |
Azeem 2015 | United States | Descriptive longitudinal study using register data on restraints incidents over 10 years at one clinic | Assess restraint reduction rates over 10 years in a clinic that implemented a restraint prevention programme | 52-bed psychiatric hospital | Children and adolescents | Restraints |
Lanthen 2015 | Sweden | Descriptive design Interviews | Examine patients’ experience of mechanical restraints and describe the patient care received | Former psychiatric patients. (N = 10) | Adults | Restraints |
Ling 2015 | Canada | Descriptive study Audits of a sample of patient charts containing post-restraint event patient debrief forms | Examine PIR data to understand patients’ experiences before, during and after restraint events | Audits (N = 55) | Adults | Restraints |
Riahi 2016 | Canada | Retrospective register data study: registration of S/R episodes, number and average time over a 36-month evaluation period | Describe the process and value of implementing the six core strategies | Specialized, tertiary mental health care facility with 326 beds | Adolescents | Restraints and seclusion |
Gustafs-son 2016 | Sweden | Descriptive design Interviews | Describe nurses’ thoughts and experiences of using coercive measures during forensic psychiatric care | Nurses (N = 8) | Adults | All kinds of coercion |
Goulet 2017 | Canada | Pilot study with case study design Individual semi-structured interviews with patients and staff Pre-post study assessing the prevalence of seclusion and restraint before and after PIR | Evaluate a PIR intervention implemented in an acute psychiatric care unit | Interviews: Patients (N = 3) Staff (N = 12) Pre-post study: Anonymised administrative data (N = 195 admissions) | Adults | Restraints and seclusion |