Table 3 Means (standard deviations), Intra Class Correlation Coefficients, and Standardized Factor Loadings (standard error) for Level 1 (Individual, n = 546) and Level 2 (Clinic, n = 51)
Item | N | M (SD) | ICC | L1 | L2 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Culture | ||||||
1 | After trying something new, we take time to think about how it worked | 546 | 3.71 (0.93) | 0.07 | 0.734 (0.029) | 0.959 (0.075) |
2 | We regularly take time to reflect on how we do things | 546 | 3.64 (0.97) | 0.09 | 0.600 (0.046) | 0.994 (0.087) |
3 | Difficult problems are solved through face-to-face discussions | 546 | 3.80 (0.89) | 0.10 | 0.703 (0.039) | 0.997 (0.181) |
4 | People at all levels openly talk about what is and isn’t working | 546 | 3.81 (0.92) | 0.08 | 0.659 (0.041) | 0.992 (0.134) |
5 | Most people in this clinic are willing to change how they do things in response to feedback from others | 546 | 3.80 (0.87) | 0.10 | 0.661 (0.035) | 0.995 (0.092) |
6 | It is hard to get things to change in our clinica | 546 | 2.67 (1.07) | 0.05 | 0.178 (0.061) | 0.954 (0.241) |
7 | People in this clinic operate as a real team | 546 | 3.88 (0.89) | 0.11 | 0.700 (0.028) | 0.947 (0.095) |
Learning Climate | ||||||
1 | We regularly take time to consider ways to improve how we do things | 546 | 3.75 (0.96) | 0.05 | 0.644 (0.038) | 0.966 (0.115) |
2 | People in our clinic actively seek new ways to improve how we do things | 546 | 3.78 (0.93) | 0.07 | 0.664 (0.043) | 0.932 (0.077) |
3 | This clinic encourages everyone to share ideas | 546 | 4.02 (0.80) | 0.11 | 0.806 (0.029) | 0.975 (0.035) |
4 | This clinic learns from its mistakes | 546 | 4.07 (0.75) | 0.09 | 0.823 (0.032) | 0.986 (0.049) |
5 | When we experience a problem in the clinic, we make a serious effort to figure out what’s really going on | 546 | 4.08 (0.81) | 0.10 | 0.881 (0.019) | 0.996 (0.039) |
Leadership Engagement | ||||||
1 | Leadership strongly supports clinic change efforts | 545 | 3.93 (0.90) | 0.14 | 0.909 (0.016) | 0.995 (0.016) |
2 | Clinic leadership promotes an environment that is an enjoyable place to work | 545 | 3.99 (0.89) | 0.16 | 0.896 (0.022) | 0.998 (0.015) |
3 | Leadership in this clinic creates an environment where things can be accomplished | 545 | 3.91 (0.93) | 0.16 | 0.955 (0.010) | 0.998 (0.009) |
4 | The clinic leadership makes sure that we have the time and space necessary to discuss changes to improve care | 545 | 3.88 (0.95) | 0.13 | 0.906 (0.015) | 0.989 (0.021) |
Available Resources b | ||||||
In general, when there is agreement that change needs to happen in the clinic, we have the necessary support in terms of: | ||||||
1 | Budget or financial resources | 546 | 3.60 (0.98) | 0.04 | 0.804 (0.024) | 0.992 (1.08) |
2 | Training | 546 | 3.80 (0.93) | 0.06 | 0.843 (0.034) | 0.998 (0.315) |
3 | Staff | 546 | 3.55 (1.04) | 0.04 | 0.840 (0.026) | 0.958 (0.671) |