Table 2 Open coding results
Category | Sub-category | Main concept |
|---|---|---|
1. The reactions of the first victim and surrounding people after the incident | 1–1 Caregiver’s response after an incident | 1–1-1 Understanding and accepting type 1–1-2 Non-responsive type 1–1-3 Emotional-reaction type 1–1-4 Behavior-expressing type |
1–2 Fellow healthcare professionals’ responses after an incident | 1–2-1 Consoling and sympathetic type 1–2-2 Blaming and reprimanding type 1–2-3 Non-responsive and impassive type 1–2-4 Scapegoat type | |
2. Influence of factors aside from the incident | 2–1 Influence of work-related factors | |
2–2 Influence of healthcare professionals’ characteristics | ||
3. The initial complex responses of the participants to the incident | 3–1 Emotional response to the incident | 3–1-1 Emotional response to patients and caregivers due to the incident 3–1-2 Self-focused emotional response due to the incident 3–1-3 Emotional response to fellow healthcare professionals and institutions |
3–2 Behavioral responses to the incident | 3–2-1 Behavioral responses to patients and caregivers due to the incident 3–2-2 Self-focused behavioral responses as a result of the incident 3–2-3 Behavioral responses to fellow healthcare professionals and institutions | |
4. Open discussion of the incident | 4–1 Atmosphere that encourages the disclosure of incidents | 4–1-1 Atmosphere of addressing the incident openly 4–1-2 Atmosphere of not addressing the incident openly |
4–2 The disclosing of an incident depends on the degree of severity involved | 4–2-1 Significant severity 4–2-2 Mediocre severity 4–2-3 Difficult to disclose incidents regardless of severity | |
4–3 Disclosure is based on patients’ awareness of incidents | 4–3-1 Disclosing incidents when patients became aware of the incidents 4–3-2 Avoiding disclosure of incidents when patients do not notice the incidents | |
5. The culture in medical institutions regarding early-stage incident response | 5–1 Positive culture | |
5–2 Negative culture | ||
6. The coping responses of the participants after incidents | 6–1. Work-level coping response to prevent recurrence of incidents | 6–1-1 Proactive coping response 6–1-2 Passive coping response |
6–2. Personal efforts to resolve psychological difficulties | 6–2-1 Endeavors to overcome the incident independently 6–2-2 Endeavors to overcome the incident with the help of others | |
7. Living with the incident | 7–1. Trauma that is less severe but still present | 7–1-1 Improved 7–1-2 Engraved in memory 7–1-3 Affects work |
7–2. Assistance in accepting the trauma | 7–2-1 Emotional assistance provided to healthcare professionals 7–2-2 Administrative assistance provided to healthcare professionals |