Fig. 3

Pre-post difference in depressiveness (WHO-5), for three categories of cognitive impairment (n = 271). Cases with a major event during the 6-month intervention phase were excluded. Change scores were computed (the differences in the means of the primary outcomes between t0 and t1). Negative values indicate improvements in symptoms (e.g. -1 means on average one point more on the WHO-5 Well-Being Index after the 6-month intervention phase). MCI (n = 54): Intervention M = − 1.41, SD = 5.71, Control M = 0.36, SD = 4.18. Mild Dementia (n = 110): Intervention M = − 0.85, SD = 4.88, Control M = 1.40, SD = 5.92. Moderate Dementia (n = 107): Intervention M = −.28, SD = 4.86, Control M = − 0.04, SD = 6.16. Significant p-values (<.05) are marked with *