Quality improvement strategies for organizational change: a multiphase observational study to increase insight into nonparticipating organizations

Table 2 Baseline characteristics and surgical details of the pre-awareness and post-awareness groups

		Pre-awareness (n = 150)	Post-awareness (n = 150)	p value
Age in years, mean ± SD		61.8 ± 12.2	65.1 ± 12.7	0.024^a
ASA classification, n (%)				0.757^b
	I/II	124 (82.7)	126 (84.0)
	III/IV	26 (17.3)	24 (16.0)
(Suspected) diagnosis, n (%)				0.110^b
	Ovarian cancer	115 (76.7)	114 (76.0)
	Uterine cancer	27 (18.0)	34 (22.7)
	Cervical cancer	8 (5.3)	2 (1.3)
Histological subtype, n (%)				0.111^b
	Benign	37 (24.7)	27 (18.0)
	Borderline / hyperplasia	14 (9.3)	8 (5.3)
	Malignant	99 (66.0)	115 (76.7)
Surgical approach, n (%)				> 0.999^c
	Midline incision	147 (98.0)	147 (98.0)
	Transverse incision	3 (2.0)	3 (2.0)
Operation time in minutes, mean ± SD		138.9 ± 72.0	142.7 ± 67.5	0.632^a
Type of surgery (only ovarian included), n (%)				0.027^b
	Explorative	50 (43.5)	40 (35.1)
	Staging	13 (11.3)	6 (5.3)
	Primary cytoreductive	11 (9.6)	25 (21.9)
	Secondary cytoreductive	41 (35.7)	43 (37.7)
Additional surgical procedure, n (%)
	Open-close (inoperable)	1 (0.7)	5 (3.3)	0.214^c
	Anastomosis	6 (4.0)	7 (4.7)	0.777^b
	Diverting stoma	6 (4.0)	9 (6.0)	0.427^b
	Lymphadenectomy	34 (22.7)	27 (18.0)	0.315^b
	Extensive upper abdominal surgery *	4 (2.7)	8 (5.3)	0.239^b

Group differences were tested using the independent samples t-test ^a, Chi-square test ^b, or Fisher’s exact test ^c. ASA = American Society of Anesthesiologists, n = number of patients, SD = standard deviation. * Includes diaphragmatic stripping, partial liver resection, or splenectomy

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