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Table 2 Differential changes in spending and continuity of care between the intervention and the control group

From: Implementation of the Chronic Disease Care System and its association with health care costs and continuity of care in Korean adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus

 

Total cost

Continuity of Care

 

Model 1

Model 2

Model 1

Model 2

 

β

SE

p-value

β

SE

p-value

β

SE

p-value

β

SE

p-value

Pre-policy

Ref

  

Ref

  

Ref

  

Ref

  

Post-policy

−15,419

3639

<.0001

−12,789

3665

0.0005

0.0055

0.0016

0.0009

0.0050

0.0017

0.0025

Control group

Ref

  

Ref

  

Ref

  

Ref

  

Intervention group

− 9589

3078

0.0018

− 5895

3014

0.0505

0.0093

0.0016

<.0001

0.0093

0.0016

<.0001

Post-policy*Intervention group

−47,523

4700

<.0001

−46,877

4724

<.0001

0.0537

0.0025

<.0001

0.0536

0.0026

<.0001

Age

 20–29

   

Ref

     

Ref

  

 30–39

   

−63,369

31,611

0.045

   

0.0070

0.0123

0.5706

 40–49

   

−70,130

31,402

0.0255

   

0.0118

0.0119

0.3201

 50–59

   

−69,671

31,320

0.0261

   

0.0130

0.0118

0.2729

 60–64

   

−91,574

31,416

0.0036

   

0.0139

0.0119

0.2446

Sex

 Male

   

Ref

     

Ref

  

 Female

   

28,995

5011

<.0001

   

−0.0037

0.0019

0.0481

Income

 Low

   

Ref

     

Ref

  

 Middle

   

6009

5507

0.2751

   

0.0003

0.0023

0.9045

 High

   

7620

4928

0.122

   

0.0085

0.0021

<.0001

NHI type

 Occupational

   

Ref

     

Ref

  

 Regional

   

6311

4486

0.1594

   

−0.0080

0.0018

<.0001

Region

 Seoul

   

Ref

     

Ref

  

 Metropolitan

   

5500

6125

0.3693

   

−0.0052

0.0027

0.0525

 Rural

   

6885

5678

0.2253

   

−0.0049

0.0024

0.0394

Charlson Comorbidity Index

 0

   

Ref

     

Ref

  

 1

   

−13,878

6915

0.0448

   

−0.0201

0.0036

<.0001

 2

   

− 4345

8483

0.6086

   

−0.0196

0.0040

<.0001

 3+

   

10,013

7837

0.2013

   

−0.0420

0.0039

<.0001

Disability

 No

   

Ref

     

Ref

  

 Yes

   

35,482

10,247

0.0005

   

−0.0101

0.0035

0.0035

Medication

 None

   

Ref

     

Ref

  

 Insulin only

   

−74,185

39,588

0.0609

   

−0.0375

0.0097

0.0001

 Hypoglycemic agent only

   

− 134,483

21,686

<.0001

   

−0.0320

0.0040

<.0001

 Insulin & hypoglycemic agent

  

3280

27,210

0.9041

   

−0.0662

0.0057

<.0001

Complication

 No

   

Ref

     

Ref

  

 Yes

   

35,446

4322

<.0001

   

−0.0042

0.0019

0.0304

  1. *NHI=National Health Insurance
  2. Hypoglycemic agents include sulfonylureas, metformin, alpha glucosidase inhibitors, and thiazolidinedione