Total cost | Continuity of Care | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 1 | Model 2 | |||||||||
β | SE | p-value | β | SE | p-value | β | SE | p-value | β | SE | p-value | |
Pre-policy | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | ||||||||
Post-policy | −15,419 | 3639 | <.0001 | −12,789 | 3665 | 0.0005 | 0.0055 | 0.0016 | 0.0009 | 0.0050 | 0.0017 | 0.0025 |
Control group | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | ||||||||
Intervention group | − 9589 | 3078 | 0.0018 | − 5895 | 3014 | 0.0505 | 0.0093 | 0.0016 | <.0001 | 0.0093 | 0.0016 | <.0001 |
Post-policy*Intervention group | −47,523 | 4700 | <.0001 | −46,877 | 4724 | <.0001 | 0.0537 | 0.0025 | <.0001 | 0.0536 | 0.0026 | <.0001 |
Age | ||||||||||||
20–29 | Ref | Ref | ||||||||||
30–39 | −63,369 | 31,611 | 0.045 | 0.0070 | 0.0123 | 0.5706 | ||||||
40–49 | −70,130 | 31,402 | 0.0255 | 0.0118 | 0.0119 | 0.3201 | ||||||
50–59 | −69,671 | 31,320 | 0.0261 | 0.0130 | 0.0118 | 0.2729 | ||||||
60–64 | −91,574 | 31,416 | 0.0036 | 0.0139 | 0.0119 | 0.2446 | ||||||
Sex | ||||||||||||
Male | Ref | Ref | ||||||||||
Female | 28,995 | 5011 | <.0001 | −0.0037 | 0.0019 | 0.0481 | ||||||
Income | ||||||||||||
Low | Ref | Ref | ||||||||||
Middle | 6009 | 5507 | 0.2751 | 0.0003 | 0.0023 | 0.9045 | ||||||
High | 7620 | 4928 | 0.122 | 0.0085 | 0.0021 | <.0001 | ||||||
NHI type | ||||||||||||
Occupational | Ref | Ref | ||||||||||
Regional | 6311 | 4486 | 0.1594 | −0.0080 | 0.0018 | <.0001 | ||||||
Region | ||||||||||||
Seoul | Ref | Ref | ||||||||||
Metropolitan | 5500 | 6125 | 0.3693 | −0.0052 | 0.0027 | 0.0525 | ||||||
Rural | 6885 | 5678 | 0.2253 | −0.0049 | 0.0024 | 0.0394 | ||||||
Charlson Comorbidity Index | ||||||||||||
0 | Ref | Ref | ||||||||||
1 | −13,878 | 6915 | 0.0448 | −0.0201 | 0.0036 | <.0001 | ||||||
2 | − 4345 | 8483 | 0.6086 | −0.0196 | 0.0040 | <.0001 | ||||||
3+ | 10,013 | 7837 | 0.2013 | −0.0420 | 0.0039 | <.0001 | ||||||
Disability | ||||||||||||
No | Ref | Ref | ||||||||||
Yes | 35,482 | 10,247 | 0.0005 | −0.0101 | 0.0035 | 0.0035 | ||||||
Medication | ||||||||||||
None | Ref | Ref | ||||||||||
Insulin only | −74,185 | 39,588 | 0.0609 | −0.0375 | 0.0097 | 0.0001 | ||||||
Hypoglycemic agent only | − 134,483 | 21,686 | <.0001 | −0.0320 | 0.0040 | <.0001 | ||||||
Insulin & hypoglycemic agent | 3280 | 27,210 | 0.9041 | −0.0662 | 0.0057 | <.0001 | ||||||
Complication | ||||||||||||
No | Ref | Ref | ||||||||||
Yes | 35,446 | 4322 | <.0001 | −0.0042 | 0.0019 | 0.0304 |