|
Socio-demographic variables
|
|
Age Mean ± SD (min-max/median)
|
71.26 ± 9.97 (58–93/70)
|
71.15 ± 9.98 (58–101/70)
|
0.12
|
60.89 ± 2.01 (58–64)/61
|
60.61 ± 1.96 (58–64)/61
|
0.95
|
77.02 ± 7.67 (65–93/76)
|
76.80 ± 7.71 (65–101/76)
|
0.26
|
|
Female (ref = Male)
|
69 (54.8)
|
1838 (51.0)
|
0.67
|
22 (48.9)
|
641 (51.0)
|
0.08
|
47 (58.0)
|
1197 (51.0)
|
1.53
|
|
Level of education
| | |
1.73
| | |
1.96
| | |
0.74
|
|
No education
|
19 (15.1)
|
684 (19.0)
| |
0 (0.0)
|
37 (3.0)
| |
19 (23.5)
|
647 (27.6)
| |
|
Primary school
|
59 (46.8)
|
1707 (47.4)
| |
17 (37.8)
|
597 (47.5)
| |
39 (48.1)
|
1095 (46.7)
| |
|
Junior high or higher
|
48 (38.1)
|
1210 (33.6)
| |
28 (62.2)
|
622 (49.5)
| |
23 (28.4)
|
603 (25.7)
| |
|
Married
|
87 (69.1)
|
2316 (64.3)
|
1.19
|
40 (88.9)
|
997 (79.4)
|
2.43
|
47 (58.0)
|
1319 (56.3)
|
0.10
|
|
Living alone
|
14 (11.1)
|
322 (8.9)
|
0.70
|
3 (6.7)
|
80 (6.4)
|
0.01
|
11 (13.6)
|
242 (10.3)
|
0.89
|
|
Health conditions
|
|
Comorbidities (8 options)
|
1.13 ± 1.17
|
1.35 ± 1.21
|
−1.96
|
0.71 ± 0.90
|
0.93 ± 1.02
|
−1.43
|
1.37 ± 1.24
|
1.57 ± 1.25
|
−1.44
|
|
Self-reported health conditions (Number of questions = 1; total score = 5)
|
3.25 ± 0.99
|
3.17 ± 0.98
|
0.81
|
3.39 ± 0.99
|
3.43 ± 0.93
|
−0.32
|
3.15 ± 0.99
|
3.01 ± 0.98
|
1.17
|
|
Mobility (Number of Questions = 9; Total Score = 27)
|
6.33 ± 8.47
|
5.81 ± 7.85
|
0.72
|
1.02 ± 2.21
|
1.74 ± 4.20
|
−2.05*
|
9.27 ± 9.21
|
8.00 ± 8.46
|
1.33
|
|
IADL (Number of questions = 6; total score = 18)
|
3.45 ± 6.33
|
3.1 ± 5.53
|
0.61
|
0.07 ± 0.45
|
0.59 ± 2.51
|
−5.40***
|
5.33 ± 7.24
|
4.45 ± 6.20
|
1.25
|
|
ADL (Number of questions =6; total score = 18)
|
2.21 ± 5.31
|
1.53 ± 4.35
|
1.41
|
0.00 ± 0.00
|
0.26 ± 1.85
|
−5.00***
|
3.43 ± 6.31
|
2.21 ± 5.09
|
1.73
|
|
CESD (Number of questions = 10; total score = 30)
|
4.19 ± 5.18
|
4.76 ± 5.9
|
−0.86
|
2.61 ± 3.41
|
3.54 ± 4.74
|
−1.75
|
5.25 ± 5.77
|
5.34 ± 6.14
|
−0.12
|
|
SPMSQ (Number of questions = 9; total score = 9)
|
8.06 ± 1.69
|
8.16 ± 1.43
|
−0.59
|
8.86 ± 0.35
|
8.68 ± 0.69
|
3.21**
|
7.52 ± 2.01
|
7.84 ± 1.66
|
−1.28
|
|
Medical utilization
|
|
Outpatient clinic visits
| | |
6.43*
| | |
4.87
| | |
4.03
|
|
0
|
54 (42.8)
|
1215 (33.7)
| |
23 (51.1)
|
554 (44.1)
| |
31 (38.3)
|
661 (28.2)
| |
|
1
|
39 (31.0)
|
1498 (41.6)
| |
9 (20.0)
|
444 (35.4)
| |
30 (37.0)
|
1054 (45.0)
| |
|
2+
|
33 (26.2)
|
888 (24.7)
| |
13 (28.9)
|
258 (20.5)
| |
20 (24.7)
|
630 (26.8)
| |
|
Traditional Chinese medicine
|
18 (14.3)
|
364 (10.1)
|
2.31
|
10 (22.2)
|
169 (13.5)
|
2.81
|
8 (9.9)
|
195 (8.3)
|
0.25
|
|
Health behavior
|
|
Smoking
|
8 (6.4)
|
473 (13.1)
|
4.99*
|
3 (6.7)
|
232 (18.5)
|
4.09
|
5 (6.2)
|
241 (10.3)
|
1.45
|
|
Chewing betel nuts
|
3 (2.4)
|
137 (3.8)
|
0.68
| | |
0.12
| | |
0.73
|
|
Alcohol consumption
|
29 (23.0)
|
995 (27.6)
|
1.30
|
16 (35.6)
|
468 (37.3)
|
0.05
|
13 (16.1)
|
527 (22.5)
|
1.87
|
|
Exercise
| | |
1.92
| | |
0.17
| | |
4.13*
|
|
Irregular (Less than 3 times a week)
|
63 (50.0)
|
1576 (43.8)
| |
18 (40.0)
|
541 (431)
| |
45 (55.6)
|
1035 (44.1)
| |
|
Regular (3 times or more a week)
|
63 (50.0)
|
2025 (56.2)
| |
27 (60.0)
|
715 (56.9)
| |
36 (44.4)
|
1310 (55.9)
| |
|
Diet
| | |
5.06
| | |
0.17
| | |
8.44*
|
|
Unhealthy diet
|
43 (34.1)
|
1235 (34.3)
| |
11 (24.4)
|
339 (27.0)
| |
32 (39.5)
|
896 (38.2)
| |
|
Slightly healthy diet
|
54 (42.9)
|
1243 (34.5)
| |
15 (33.3)
|
392 (31.2)
| |
39 (48.2)
|
851 (36.3)
| |
|
Healthy diet
|
29 (23.0)
|
1123 (31.2)
| |
19 (42.2)
|
525 (41.8)
| |
10 (12.3)
|
598 (25.5)
| |
|
Social support (Number of questions = 5; total score = 20)
|
8.22 ± 3.33
|
9.13 ± 3.27
|
−2.64**
|
8.88 ± 3.20
|
9.27 ± 3.20
|
−0.77
|
7.74 ± 3.39
|
9.04 ± 3.31
|
−2.84**
|
