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Table 1 Coding scheme based on the MARE design framework [19]

From: Understanding how to improve physicians’ paradigms for prescribing antibiotics by using a conceptual design framework: a qualitative study

Research questions and definition of key components

Category

Sub-category

RQ1: Personal paradigm: “his or her personal style of diagnosis, treatment, prescription and choice of drugs” (Zhu et al., [19], p. 8).

P-diagnosis

Step 1 Record the patient’s medical history through communicating and inquiring

Step 2 Conduct physical examination, including clinical symptoms and signs

Step 3 Select laboratory tests and interpret results

Step 4 Use diagnostic facilities

Step 5 Verify the suitability of your P-diagnosis

Step 6 Define the patient’s problem

Step 7 Specify the therapeutic objective

P-treatment

Step 1 Specify treatment objective

Step 2 Verify the suitability of your P-treatment

Step 3 Start the treatment

Step 4 Provide information, instructions and warnings to the patient

Step 5 Monitor treatment

P-drug

Step 1 Specify drug objective

Step 2 Make an inventory of groups of drugs that are effective

Step 3 Choose an effective group according to the relevant criteria

Step 4 Choose a P-drug

P-prescription

Step 1 Specify prescribing objective

Step 2 Choose P-treatment

Step 3 Choose P-drug

Step 4 Write the prescription

Step 5 Provide information, instructions and warnings to the patient

Step 6 Monitor the drug treatment effect

RQ2: Expectations of ARAR learning environments: “the conditions and external stimuli that facilitate learning and modify the learners’ paradigms” (Zhu et al., [19], p. 10)

AR learning activities: “the approach by which learners obtain meaning from learning material, context, and other people in the learning environment” (Zhu et al., [19], p. 10)

AR learning assets: “different media forms, such as text, sound and video that are used to provide the learning content” (Zhu et al., [19], p. 10)

AR learning environments

Affectively oriented

Perceptually oriented

Symbolically oriented

Behaviorally oriented

AR learning activities

 

AR learning assets