Table 4 Results from mixed multinomial logits (diagnostic tests)

  -Copayments

0.664 (0.116)^**

1.041 (0.457)^*

0.773 (0.057)^**

1.032 (0.234)^**

  -Coinsurances (reference)

− 0.664 (0.116)^**

− 1.041 (0.457)^*

− 0.773 (0.057)^**

− 1.032 (0.234)^**

  -Rate1 ^a

1.123 (0.102)^**

1.758 (0.759)^*

0.643 (0.033)^**

0.841 (0.106)^**

  -Rate2 ^a

0.522 (0.089)^**

0.202 (0.350)

0.424 (0.030)^**

0.334 (0.092)^**

  -Rate3 ^a (reference)

−1.646 (0.133)^**

−1.959 (0.760)^*

− 1.067 (0.042)^**

−1.174 (0.150)^**

  -Half cap

−0.005 (0.055)

0.035 (0.207)

−0.003 (0.022)

0.039 (0.036)

  -Full cap (reference)

0.005 (0.055)

−0.035 (0.207)

0.003 (0.022)

−0.039 (0.036)

  -Half cap ^* Copayments

−0.050 (0.052)

−0.266 0.240)

− 0.057 (0.019)^**

−0.084 (0.063)

  -Half cap ^* Rate1 ^a

0.037 (0.081)

0.227 (0.347)

−0.056 (0.033)

−0.103 (0.078)

  -Half cap ^* Rate2 ^a

− 0.147 (0.090)

−0.884 (0.363)^*

− 0.019 (0.038)

− 0.053 (0.121)

  -Half cap ^* Afterwards billed by health insurer

0.017 (0.057)

0.226 (0.231)

−0.079 (0.020)^**

−0.221 (0.079)^**

  -Afterwards billed by health insurer

0.414 (0.086)^**

1.581 (0.831)

3.416 (0.108)^**

2.660 (0.390)^**

  -Directly at point of care (reference)

−0.414 (0.086)^**

−1.581 (0.831)

−3.416 (0.108)^**

−2.660 (0.390)^**

  -Opt-out option

3.752 (0.146)^**

4.503 (1.060)^**

0.556 (0.033)^**

0.319 (0.247)

  Copayments

2.702 (0.143)^**

2.599 (0.689)^**

3.236 (0.092)^**

3.480 (0.451)^**

  Rate1 ^a

−1.486 (0.128)^**

−2.132 (0.804)^**

−0.907 (0.048)^**

0.974 (0.161)^**

  Rate2 ^a

1.412 (0.130)^**

2.338 (1.035)^*

0.827 (0.047)^**

0.789 (0.172)^**

  Afterwards billed by health insurer

1.908 (0.113)^**

3.829 (1.098)^**

4.690 (0.132)^**

4.521 (0.591)^**

 Number of individuals

738

738

5510

5510

 Number of observations

13,284

13,284

99,180

99,180

 Log-likelihood

− 3187.780

− 3180.645

−20,580.500

−16,919.590