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Table 3 Results from mixed multinomial logits (prescribed medication)

From: The effect of cost-sharing design characteristics on use of health care recommended by the treating physician; a discrete choice experiment

Health Service:

Prescribed medication

Group:

Forgoing health care

Utilizing health care

Weighting:

Unweighted

Inverse Probability Weighting

Unweighted

Inverse Probability Weighting

Coefficient (SE)

Coefficient (SE)

Coefficient (SE)

Coefficient (SE)

Variable:

 Type of payments

  -Copayments

1.224 (0.095)**

1.103 (0.428)*

1.768 (0.060)**

1.834 (0.237)**

  -Coinsurances (reference)

−1.224 (0.095)**

−1.103 (0.428)*

− 1.768 (0.060)**

− 1.834 (0.237)**

 Rate of payments

  -Rate1 a

0.696 (0.075)**

0.994 (0.285)**

0.783 (0.033)**

0.901 (0.111)**

  -Rate2 a

0.257 (0.065)**

0.471 (0.272)

0.502 (0.027)**

0.500 (0.089)**

  -Rate3 a (reference)

−0.953 (0.128)**

−1.466 (0.547)**

−1.285 (0.042)**

− 1.401 (0.150)**

 Annual caps on cost-sharing payment

  -Half cap

0.015 (0.052)

0.180 (0.170)

−0.025 (0.023)

− 0.002 (0.055)

  -Full cap (reference)

−0.015 (0.052)

−0.180 (0.170)

0.025 (0.023)

0.002 (0.055)

  -Half cap * Copayments

−0.020 (0.049

0.030 (0.102)

−0.022 (0.017)

−0.041 (0.053)

  -Half cap * Rate1 a

− 0.164 (0.065)

0.072 (0.285)

− 0.053 (0.030)

−0.199 (0.088)*

  -Half cap * Rate2 a

0.040 (0.068)

−0.568 (0.408)

− 0.093 (0.036)*

0.070 (0.129)

  -Half cap * Afterwards billed by health insurer

0.054 (0.048)

−0.119 (0.191)

0.041 (0.018)*

0.077 (0.070)

 Moment of payment

  -Afterwards billed by health insurer

0.082 (0.045)

0.843 (0.254)**

1.590 (0.065)**

0.793 (0.198)**

  -Directly at point of care (reference)

−0.082 (0.045)

−0.843 (0.254)**

−1.590 (0.065)**

− 0.793 (0.198)**

 Alternative specific constant

  -Opt-out option

2.308 (0.073)*

2.640 (0.605)**

−0.332 (0.030)**

−1.093 (0.187)**

 SD of random parameters

  Copayments

1.667 (0.094)**

1.733 (0.552)**

2.884 (0.080)**

2.650 (0.280)**

  Rate1 a

0.765 (0.108)**

1.036 (0.471)*

1.064 (0.044)**

1.146 (0.152)**

  Rate2 a

0.003 (0.247)

0.001 (0.005)

0.815 (0.042)**

−0.746 (0.149)**

  Afterwards billed by health insurer

–

–

3.692 (0.100)**

3.633 (0.409)**

Model

 Number of individuals

475

475

6277

6277

 Number of observations

8550

8550

112,986

112,986

 Log-likelihood

− 2082.340

− 1327.649

−22,780.000

−16,384.221

  1. Model: mixed multinomial logits modelling eq. 1. Random parameters assumed a normal distribution and estimated based on 5000 Halton draws
  2. SE Standard Error, SD Standard Deviation
  3. a labels Prescribed medication: rate1 (€2/40%), rate2 (€4/50%), rate3 (€7/70%)
  4. * = p-value≤.05, ** = p-value≤.01