Table 2 Study population: having no GP with adjusted odds ratios (aOR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) estimated from logistic regression stratified by gender (DEGS1)

Migration background

***

***

 One-sided

0.86 (0.50–1.47)

0.84 (0.41–1.71)

0.94 (0.45–1.99)

 Two-sided

1.90 (1.42–2.55)

2.33 (1.54–3.55)

1.43 (0.92–2.22)

 No

ref.

ref.

ref.

Gender

**

 Male

1.41 (1.15–1.74)

–

–

 Female

ref.

–

–

Age group (years)

***

***

 18–29

3.63 (2.09–6.30)

2.63 (1.18–5.88)

5.20 (2.51–10.75)

 30–44

2.59 (1.56–4.30)

2.18 (1.06–4.51)

2.95 (1.56–5.57)

 45–64

1.78 (1.14–2.76)

1.66 (0.85–3.26)

1.80 (1.01–3.18)

 65–79

ref.

ref.

ref.

Residential area (inhabitants)

***

***

***

 Big city (100,000+)

2.51 (1.83–3.45)

2.33 (1.53–3.57)

2.76 (1.77–4.31)

 Medium-sized town (20,000 - < 100,000)

1.31 (0.94–1.83)

1.12 (0.69–1.82)

1.65 (1.07–2.52)

 Small town (5000 - < 20,000)

1.35 (0.95–1.91)

1.29 (0.83–2.01)

1.41 (0.83–2.42)

 Rural (< 5000)

ref.

ref.

ref.

 Single

1.38 (1.01–1.90)

1.63 (1.02–2.61)

1.09 (0.69–1.74)

 Divorced/widowed

1.13 (0.75–1.70)

1.49 (0.83–2.70)

0.86 (0.50–1.48)

 Married

ref.

ref.

ref.

SES

*

***

 Low

0.89 (0.62–1.28)

0.97 (0.59–1.61)

0.78 (0.49–1.27)

 Medium

0.68 (0.51–0.91)

0.90 (0.62–1.29)

0.47 (0.33–0.67)

 High

ref.

ref.

ref.

 Yes

1.21 (0.88–1.67)

1.18 (0.81–1.74)

1.50 (0.70–3.22)

 Non-working/65+ years

1.13 (0.86–1.49)

1.03 (0.65–1.62)

1.24 (0.85–1.79)

 No

ref.

ref.

ref.

 Average/bad/very bad

0.81 (0.56–1.16)

0.70 (0.43–1.13)

0.96 (0.56–1.63)

 Very good/good

ref.

ref.

ref.

Chronic diseases

***

**

**

 Yes

0.44 (0.31–0.63)

0.45 (0.28–0.71)

0.45 (0.26–0.80)

 No

ref.

ref.

ref.

Health insurance

***

***

 Private

2.23 (1.60–3.12)

2.45 (1.67–3.61)

1.81 (0.96–3.39)

 Others

2.23 (1.51–3.31)

2.62 (1.63–4.22)

1.61 (0.89–2.91)

 Statutory

ref.

ref.

ref.